美德公司治理结构中领导体制比较

Comparative Studies on the Leadership Systems between American and German Cooperative Governance

英美公司实行以董事会为核心的"单极式"的领导体制。在德国及一部分欧洲大陆国家的公司中,则实行监事会与执委会分权的"双极式"高层领导体制,在这种制度安排中没有董事会的独立地位,出资人的权益由监事会中的资方代表保证。在这种制度下,英美公司董事会的职能被一分为二,一部分转移到监事会手中,另一部分则转到由专业经理人员组成的执委会。与英美相比,德国及欧洲模式具有内部监督更有效、企业法人产权更独立和经理人员经营自主权更大等特点。在我国现代企业制度的高层领导体制的设计中,以英美式的董事会领导体制为主,并吸收了德国及欧洲的监事会制度的某些做法。这种制度安排忽视了两种模式的不兼容性:在董事会领导体制下,独立的监事会很难发挥内部监督职能。由于英美模式对企业外部的市场和法律条件要求较高,德国及欧洲模式更符合中国的国情。

The British and American companies are administrated in a system supervised under board of directors. In Germany and quite a few European countries, companies are applying a system characterized by collective leadership (Aufsichtsrat), in which, board of directors loses its unique status and stockholders ' claims are protected by the representatives of stockholders of the collective board. In such a system, part of the functions of board of directors is transferred to the hand of the collective board, including the decisions of personnel changes and major strategic implement. Other administrative affairs are administrated by an acting commission (Vorstand) composed of managers and specialists. Compared with the British-American business administration system, the one in Germany or Europe is more efficient in terms of supervision and control, provided the existence of independent rights of capital and administration. When China arranges its high-level administration in a modern business system, it has taken the experiences of the two systems mentioned above. But the current administrative system has neglected the disadvantage of incompatibility: under the leadership of board of directors, the function of collective board is greatly weakened. The British-American system requires a well-arranged business environment with strong regulatory force. For this reason, this paper asserts that the German-European system is more consistent with the business environment in China.