应然犯罪之构成与法定犯罪之构成——兼论犯罪构成理论风格的多元发展

Constitution of Natural Law Crime and Constitution of Statutory Crime

三要件论最重要的出发点是落实罪行法定原则 ,意在构建法定犯罪之构成 ;最重要的体系特征在于把罪状当作整体来把握 ,由此决定了它依托法律形式进行注释的、顺应司法认定思路的、局限于法定犯罪之犯罪构成的理论风格 ;四要件论是意在构建应然犯罪之构成 ,由此决定它从存在的犯罪现象出发 ,依托犯罪行为结构来揭示、把握犯罪法律因素的应然犯罪之犯罪构成的理论风格。从不同角度阐述犯罪构成 ,不仅可以并行不悖 ,而且还能相得益彰。我们既需要应然犯罪之犯罪构成论 ,也需要法定犯罪之犯罪构成论。现在的问题主要不在于如何把“四要件”论发展到完美无缺的程度 ,也不在于如何选择一个理论体系、抛弃另一个理论体系 ,而应在明确理论倾向、风格、功能的基础上 ,寻求犯罪构成理论风格的多元发展。

Implementation the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specific crime is the most important starting point of the theory of 'three constitutive elements', whose aim is to establish the constitution of statutory crime and whose most important characteristic is to take the fact of a crime as a whole. All these have determined its basic theoretical characteristics of taking the form of legal annotation, conforming to the thinking of judicial determination, and being confined to the constitution of statutory crime. On the other hand, the theory of 'four constitutive elements' is aimed at establishing the constitution of natural law crime. As a result, it takes the existing phenomena of crime as the starting point and relies on the structure of criminal act to reveal and understand the legal factors of crime. The two theories that elaborate the constitution of crime from different angles are not necessarily contradictory to each other. Rather, they may benefit from each other. The problem faced by us is not how to choose one of these two theories and discard the other, but how to seek the pluralistic development of the theory on the basis of clarifying the orientation, style, and function of the theory.