论宪法关系的双方主体——从保障基本权利的角度看

On the Both Subjects of Constitutional Relation——From the Perspective of Protecting Basic Rights

传统宪法学普遍认为宪法关系特点之一就是宪法关系的一方通常总是国家或国家机关。笔者对此提出质疑 ,认为宪法关系中双方主体可以同时是社会组织或个人 ,而不一定要至少一方是国家或国家机关。从宪法发展史来看 ,从 19世纪末 2 0世纪初开始特别是“二战”后 ,早期传统宪法的社会基础已发生了重大变化 ,社会组织或个人的权利不仅易受国家权力侵害而且越来越易受其他个人或社会组织侵害 ,又由于普通法的漏洞 ,因此必须由宪法来调整和维护社会组织、个人之间的基本权利义务关系。其结果就是 。

Traditional constitutions held that one subject of its relation is the state or its departments, which is challenged by the author because both subjects can be social groups or individuals and one subject is not necessarily being the state or its departments. Form the history of constitutions, the social background of the traditional constitution has changed greatly in the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, especially form the end of World War Ⅱ. The rights of individuals and groups become liable to be denied by the state and other equivalents. Because of the limitations of the common laws, it is necessary for the constitution to regulate the relations among social groups and individuals, which results that the social group and individual constitute the both subjects of the constitution.