社会如何制约权力——多元主义民主的解析及其困境

How to Restrain the Power by the Society——Analysis and Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy

多元主义民主理论学者托克维尔、罗伯特·达尔等提出和发展了权力的社会制衡理论。他们认为,有效地制约国家(政府)的权力,必须有一个脱离于政治国家的相对独立的"市民社会"。在这个社会中,存在利益各异的自治的社会组织和集团,权力被高度分化,国家(政府)不再是惟一的权力中心,共享权力的不同的利益集团和社会组织,也能够通过各种途径影响和参与政治决策的制定,从而达到制约国家(政府)权力,避免权力失控的目的。然而,多元主义民主理论在以私有制为基础的资本主义社会中,却不可避免地陷进了理论初衷与客观现实矛盾的泥潭。

Pluralistic democratic theoristsTocquevelle and Robert Dahl proposed and developed the theory of the social counterweight about the power. They thought that we should have a 'citizen society' which had its particular features. In this society, government was no longer the center of the power. Different interest group and social organization could also share the power and restrain the power of the government through all kinds of methods in order to avoid out ofcontrol power. 