中国昆虫染色体研究现状与展望

Insect chromosome research in China: Status and perspectives

简要叙述了中国昆虫染色体研究的现状 ,包括研究涉及的昆虫类群、核型分析结果、研究方法和手段、染色体有丝分裂、减数分裂、染色体形态变异、结构变异和数量变异等。我国学者对昆虫染色体研究从 2 0世纪 30年代开始 ,迄今已对蜉蝣目、蜚蠊目、直翅目、半翅目、同翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目、蚤目和膜翅目等 10目 4 81种昆虫的核型进行了研究 ,主要集中在蝗虫、蝽类、蚜虫、蚕类、果蝇、摇蚊及实蝇等。在染色体行为方面的研究主要有 :蚕类和果蝇等有丝分裂 ;蜚蠊类、蝗类、蝽类和蚕类的减数分裂及性别决定机制 ;部分昆虫的联会复合体分析。染色体结构变异的研究主要集中在果蝇和蚊类昆虫的唾腺染色体 ;果蝇的B染色体 ;蚕类和蚊类昆虫染色体的缺失、易位和倒位等变异 ;蚕蛾类的数量变异。研究结果多应用于昆虫系统分类和进化的探讨 ,揭示昆虫遗传与变异规律。通过与国外研究成果对比 ,提出昆虫染色体研究的必要性 。

This paper gives a review of the present status and perspectives of insect chromosome research in China, including: insect groups studied, results of karyotype analysis, technique and methods adopted, chromosome mitotic and meiotic division, and chromosome modality aberrance, structure aberrance and quantity aberrance. Chinese scholars had begun the study on insect chromosome since 1930s. The karyotypes of 481 species insects belong to 10 orders have been studied by now in China, mainly concentrated on such groups as locusts, grasshoppers, stinkbugs, aphids, mosquitoes, flies and silkworms. Researches in chromosome behavior included: the mitosis of silkworms and fruit flies; the meiosis and the sexual determination mechanism of Blattaria, locusts, grasshoppers, stinkbugs and silkworms; and the synaptonemal complexes of Blattaria and silkworms. Research on chromosome structure variation focused on: salivary gland chromosomes of fruit flies and mosquitoes; B chromosomes of the fruit flies; the chromosome deficiency, repetition, inversion and translocation of silkworms and mosquitoes; and the chromosome quantity variation of the silkworms and moths. Moreover, these results were mainly used to explore insect systematics and evolution, regulation of insect heredity and variation, and so on. Through comparing domestic and international research results, necessities in this research field in China were proposed, and a perspective was given.