生物大分子加合物的检测及其在环境风险性评价中应用

Biomacromolecule Adduct Detection Methods and its Application to Environmental Risk Assessment

环境中化学物质对人体致癌的风险性评价对于预防人类疾病和控制环境污染具有非常重要的意义,而反映暴露水平与生物效应的生物标记物研究不仅是导向预防研究的核心内容,也是环境致癌物风险评价的重要手段。传统的有毒化学物监测方法在研究人群暴露和危险度评价时得到的仅为近似接触量,而对个体在吸收、代谢、排泄、生物利用上的差异不能提供任何信息。分子生物标记物可用于检测生物暴露于环境致癌物的剂量和效应,生物体的遗传性或诱发性的敏感性差异,以及由环境致癌物引发的各种疾病的早期诊断,不仅提供个体有效接触量,还能提供许多化学物质结构与毒性之间关系及毒物代谢动力学方面的信息。与其他手段相比,分子生物标志物作为指示污染物危害效应的生物信号,其检测是从以往测定环境中化学物的含量估计生物体的接触水平,发展到直接检测化学物与生物受体结合产物的一种方法。文章对分子生物标志物一生物大分子加合物(如DNA、RNA、蛋白质加合物等)的形成机理以及在环境风险评价中的应用进行了综述;介绍了几种生物大分子加合物的检测方法,并对各种方法的特点进行评述。讨论了目前分子生物标志物研究存在的问题,并展望了该领域的应用前景。

It is important to take precautions against human disease and control environmental pollution by risk assessment of environmental chemicals, and study of biomarkers is not only a focus on prevention-oriented research in medicinal field, but also regarded as an important approach of environmental carcinogens in risk assessment. The common monitoring methods of toxic chemicals just get approximate exposure levels to study biological effect and to evaluate environmental risk of toxicants, but unable to offer any information on individual absorption, metabolization, excretion and biological utilization. The biomarkers are used to detect exposure dose and effect of environmental carcinogens, genetic or induced biological sensitive differences, and early clinic diagnosis. Further more, Utilization of biomarkers also provide individual exposure levels and information on toxicant metabolical dynamics and relations between chemical structure and tox-icity. As a biological responses indicating pollutant deleterious effects, compared with other methods, the ' detection method by molecular biomarker, used to detect pollutants content for estimating exposure level in past, now is able to directly detect combining production deriving of action between chemicals and biological receptor. The formation mechanism and applications to risk assessment of environment of molecular biomarkers-bio-macromolecule adducts (e.g., DNA adduct, RNA adduct and protein adduct etc.) were summarized in this paper, the different types of detection method of bio-macromolecules were introduced, and their characteristics were also reviewed. The disadvantages and future prospects of molecular biomarkers were also discussed.