超越因材施教

Beyond Principle of Teaching Students in Accordance with Their Aptitude

文章从创新人才培养角度对因材施教的古老教学原则予以反思,指出在古代社会因材施教存在逻辑缺陷。在现代教育体系下,每一名教师因材施教实际既无可能,也必定无效。正是学生旺盛的好奇心、生命力以及自我持续一生的学习和追求,为其赋予了最终意义。教师对学生之材的判断局限于教师的经验和想象力,刻板地因材施教,学生就会成为我们所要培养的人,这样的人不是创新的人。去除框架而不去判断学生之材,学生不同的、生机勃勃的生长目标才会出现。因材施教蕴含着潜台词——学生和教师并不平等,教师是先行的觉悟者、知识和真理的掌握者,真理需要教师教给学生。超越因材施教则认识到学生在逐渐发展,教师即使年纪较大、经验丰富,但教师也在发展中,教师并不完全掌握真理。学生是教师,教师也是学生,师生完全平等。超越因材施教朝向学生变化的、超越想象力的未来,教师努力给予学生足够挑战。因材施教意味着规训,超越因材施教呈现出宽容,包括对学生不同于教师观点和研究方向的宽容、对失败的宽容,对学生不同于教师和家长发展目标的宽容。因材施教需要判断学生之材,然后决定施教的内容和方法。超越因材施教的教学帮助学生寻找自己,教什么不再那么重要,学生选择学习什么更加重要,因为选择基于学生现在的内在动因,可能生发出超越想象力的意义,因而教师持续支持学生偏离常规的自我学习。超越因材施教的教学意味着教师需要培养出完全超越自己的学生、具备并将创造力发展出来的学生,这是新的教学成功观念。学校的人才培养机制需要为帮助学生寻找自己做准备、为学生必然将逐步变化做准备,而非将学生当作固定人才因材施教。国家教育系统也需要支持和鼓励学生在人生不同阶段、在不同教育系统间、在不同学校间逐步选择、变化和发展。

The principle of Teaching Students in Accordance with Their Aptitude is an ancient Confucianist teaching principle. From the prospect of cultivation of innovative students it can be found that this principle has logical flaws. In modern educational system, it is not possible for a teacher to teach in accordance with the aptitude of his students, and eventually such teaching will be invalid. It is student himself who give his name special meaning because of his curiosity, vitality, lifelong learning and pursuit. The new principles of teaching beyond the old one will present in following aspects. The judgment of student ’s aptitude is restrained in a teacher’s experience and imagination. Teaching strictly in accordance with such judgment will result in a student just as the aim of the teacher with restriction and they can ’t think out of box. No judgment of the student’s aptitude and removing the stereotype of students will enrich different and vigorous growing aim of students. The old principle also mean teacher and student are not equal. Teacher grasps the truth and knowledge and also aware before the student. Truth should and can be handed over to the student by teacher. The teacher is not the holder of the truth in new principle. Though the teacher may be older and experienced, he is also on the way of change and development just as the student. Student and teacher are real equal before the truth and life. Student is teacher and teacher is also student. Student will change and create the future over the imagination of teacher in the new principle. So the teacher should challenge the student sufficiently in different ways such as real problem in frontier, new aims and Zen case. The old principle is quite like discipline. The new principles is quite like tolerance, tolerance of different point of view and research direction from teacher, tolerance of failure of student and tolerance of different direction of life and career aim from parents and teacher. The old principle concentrate on the teacher and teaching, the new principles focus on student and learning. The teacher should encourage the student to learn the material out of teaching plan in the student ’s own way, and encourage the student to find the meaning of learning and transform the information into self-knowledge. The new successful teacher can have student far surpass him, can have student with creativity and fulfill the creativity. The school and university should help the student to prepare to find himself and change gradually, rather than to educate the student according to a fixed judgment of his aptitude and future. The education system of a country should also encourage and help student to choose, change and develop in his different stage of life, in different education system and in different university.