美国基础教育改革中的择校制度分析

The Analysis on the School Option System in American’s Basic Education

择校制度作为应对美国基础教育质量低下的措施,发展至今已有三十多年的历史,本文从择校的理论基础出发,考察了美国几任总统任职期间推出的关于择校的教育政策及其具体形式,如教育券、特许学校、磁石学校、家庭学校等等,并分析了择校给美国基础教育产生的影响及带来的问题。择校作为一把双刃剑,在提高美国基础教育质量的同时也带来了不少问题,它造成了美国社会特权阶层和非特权阶层的分化,加大了种族隔离,也造成了学校之间的等级分化,使教师成为一个缺乏吸引力的职业。它并没有像大多数人想象的那样为贫困家庭的子女提供了进入好学校就读的机会,私立学校昂贵的学费依然把贫困学生和学习有困难的学生拒之门外。

It has been more than 30 years since the America has adopted the school choice system as measures to deal with the low quality of basic education. Based on the theoretical foundation of the school choice system, investigating the education policy and practice of school option system introduced by the presidents of the United States on their terms, such as school vouchers, charter schools, magnet schools, home schools and so on, this paper has analyzed the problems brought up by school option for basic education in the United States. School option system as a double-edged sword also brings a lot of problems while improving the quality of basic education. It has caused the separation between the privileged and non-privileged of American society, increased the apartheid, and also caused school hierarchy between the levels of differentiation, so that teachers have become an unattractive career. It is not like that most people imagine the children of poor families would have an opportunity to get into a good school; expensive private school tuition is still shut out of poor students and students with learning difficulties.