5周高原训练期间优秀男子游泳运动员心率变异性指标的变化特点

Changes in Heart Rate Variability of Elite Male Swimmers During Five-week Altitude Training

目的:探讨5周高原训练期间优秀男子游泳运动员心率变异性(HRV)相关指标的变化特点。方法:以7名上海队优秀男子游泳运动员为研究对象,分别于高原训练前1周,高原训练第1、3、4、5周和高原训练后1周的每周休息日,使用美国产Omega wave运动员实时机能状态综合诊断系统进行仰卧位状态的无创心率变异性测试,测试指标包括时域指标(SDNN、RMSSD、SDSD)和频域指标(TP、HF、LF、LF/HF)。周一晨起前卧位安静状态下测试晨脉(RHR)和血氧饱和度(SpO2%),晨起后空腹状态指尖采血测试肌酸激酶(CK)、血尿素(BU)。结果:高原训练后1周CK水平明显高于高原训练第4、5周(P<0.05)。与高原训练第1周相比,BU在高原训练第3、4周逐渐升高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。高原训练第1、3、4、5周的SpO2%均显著低于高原训练前1周(P<0.01)。高原训练第3、5周的RHR均明显低于高原训练第1周(P<0.05)。与高原训练前1周相比,高原训练第1周的HRV时域和频域指标下降(P>0.05),RMSSD、SDSD、HF分别下降18.60%、20.40%和12.60%,LF下降2.07%,HRV总体指标SDNN、TP分别下降6.47%、6.65%,LF/HF下降29.20%;高原训练第3周,HRV各指标有所回升,其中TP、HF较高原训练前1周相比分别增加14.23%、33.26%(P>0.05);高原训练第4周HRV各指标又开始下降,SDNN、RMSSD、SDSD、LF与高原前1周相比分别下降了16.42%(P<0.05)、21.89%、21.92%、35.31%,且均处于整个高原训练阶段最低值;高原训练第5周,HRV各指标开始回升,LF、LF/HF较高原训练前1周增加了27.17%和27.74%;高原训练后1周,SDNN、RMSSD、SDSD、TP、HF、LF较高原训练前1周分别下降了16.15%(P=0.053)、17.29%、17.71%、25.65%、30.82%、16.90%。结论:(1)5周高原训练过程中,优秀男子游泳运动员HRV指标呈波浪形的变化特点,其中高原训练前期主要受低氧环境的影响,高原训练后期主要受训练负荷的影响。(2)高原环境下,HRV可以反映随着高原缺氧和训练负荷的交互作用导致的自主神经系统调控能力波动性的变化,提示利用HRV来分析缺氧和训练负荷的交互作用对机体的影响具有一定的实践意义。

Objective To investigate the change in the heart rate variability(HRV)of elite male swimmers during 5-week altitude training.Methods Seven elite male swimmers from the Shanghai team volunteered to undergo 5 weeks of altitude training in Kunming,Yunnan province(1890 m).Swimmers were tested HRV including the time domain–the standard deviation of the NN interval(SDNN),root mean square successive difference(RMSSD)and adjacent normal RR interval of the difference between the standard deviation(SDSD)and the frequency domain—total power(TP),high frequency(HF),low frequency(LF)and the ration of low frequency power and high frequency power(LF/HF)using Omega Wave,in Shanghai one week before and after the whole training,as well as in Kunming when finishing one-,three-,four-and five-week training.The resting heart rate(RHR)and oxygen saturation(SpO2%)were tested in a supine position on Monday mornings before getting up,while creatine kinase(CK)and blood urea(BU)were tested after getting up and before breakfast.Results The CK level after one-week training was significantly higher than after 4-and 5-week altitude training(P<0.05).The BU increased gradually after 3-and 4-week altitude training compared to after one-week,but not significantly(P>0.05).The average SpO2%after one-,three-,four-and five-week altitude training was significantly lower than before the training(P<0.01).The average RHR after 3-and 5-week training was significantly lower than after 1-week training(P<0.05).Compared with one week before the training,after one-week training,the time domain and frequency domain of the HRV decreased(P>0.05),with a decrease of 18.60%,20.40%and 12.60%in RMSSD,SDSD and HF,2.07%in LF,as well as 6.47%and 6.65%in SDNN and TP,together with 29.20%in LF/HF.Two weeks later,the various values of HRV began to rise,with an increase of 14.23%and 33.26%of TP and HF,compared to one week before(P>0.05).However,one week later,a decrease of 16.42%,21.89%,21.92%and 35.31%was observed in the SDNN,RMSSD,SDSD and LF,reaching the lowest level,compared to those of one week before.One week later,all the measurements began to rise again,with 27.17%and 27.74%increase of LF and LF/HF compared to one week before the training.One week after the total training,the average SDNN,RMSSD,SDSD,TP,HF and LF decreased16.15%(P=0.053),17.29%,17.71%,25.65%,30.82%and 16.90%compared to before the training.Conclusion During the altitude training,non-invasive indicators of heart rate variability display a typical wave shape,which is mainly affected by the anaerobic environment in the early stages,but by the training load in the later stages.In the plateau hypoxia environment,the heart rate variability can reflect the fluctuation of the regulation of the autonomic nervous system caused by the interaction of altitude hypoxia and training load.The results suggest that it is of practical significance to use the heart rate variability to analyze the interaction between hypoxia and training load on the body.