观念史视野下清代医家的行为与身份认同

Physicians’ Behavior and Identity Recognition in the Qing Dynasty From the Perspective of the History of Ideas

在过度市场化的清代医疗生态中,当不少医家追求利益时,一些出身儒者的医家将儒家观念带入职业中,表现出了一些儒家化的行为,如以著述挽救民命、救济贫病、树立医界规范等等。这些行为引发了社会对医家认同的变化,一些文人士大夫从学理层面不断拉近医与儒的距离,从而凸显医家的责任,拔高医家的地位。在此背景下,医家的自我认同也发生了变化,一些医家也主动打通医与儒之间的区隔,构建医即儒的理论,进而建构自己的儒者形象。医家身份认同的变化吸引了一些优秀的人才从医,从而为当时医学的发展提供了优质的人力资源。总之,儒家价值观对过度市场化的医疗起到了规范作用。

In the medical ecology of the excessive marketization in the Qing Dynasty,when many physicians chased after interest,some physicians who were also Confucian scholars injected the Confucian ideas into their medical occupations and showed some Confucian behaviors such as saving people’s lives,relieving the poor with diseases,establishing norms of the medical field and so on.These actions led to the changes on social identity recognition,and some literati and scholor-officials constantly narrow the gap between physicians and Confucians theoretically in order to highlight the responsibility and status of physicians.Physicians’self-identity changed under this background.Some physicians also proactively broke into the division between physician and Confucian,constructed the theory that physician is equal to Confucian,and constructed their own Confucian images.Physician’s identity change attracted some excellent talents to become doctors,which provided the high-quality human resources for the development of medicine in the Qing dynasty.To sum up,Confucian values play a normative role in over-marketized medicine.