试论“上”与“下”的对称与不对称现象

On the phenomenon of symmetlies and asymmetries of "above" and "below

对称与不对称现象是存在于语言世界的普遍规律,理应为语言学界所关注并进行科学、系统的研究。从理论上说"上"与"下"应为一一对应的关系,有"上"即有"下"。但语言在受语言内部调节系统制约的同时,也受到语言外社会文化和心理因素的影响。"上"的构词能力远大于"下"。"上"和"下"构成的词和短语在发展演变过程中其语义也在发生变化。这些都是导致对称破缺的因素。主要以"上""下"构成的各类词和词组为例,用归纳法描写、分析其对称与不对称性。旨在以显性对称与不对称的实例为依据,找出它们发展演变的规律,科学地预测其演变方向,研究开发潜性对称与不对称的空间。

The phenomenon of symmetries and asymmetries,as a universal discipline in the world of linguistics,should be paid more attention to and should be researched scientifically and systematically.Theoretically,'above'and'below'are in symmetrical relationship for if there is above,there must be below.But dominated by the inner adjustment system,at the same time they are also affected by the cultural and psychological elements which are beyond language.'Above'is much more flexible than'below'in word building.The words and phrases built with'above'and'below'always process with the change of their meanings,which leads to the symmetry fragmentation.This article with induction method,analyses symmetries and asymmetries of the words and phrases built with'above'and 'below',trying to find out their evolvement discipline and direction based on the examples of conspicuous symmetries and asymmetries,and at last researches the potential symmetries and asymmetries.