水稻超高产育种——从理论到实践

Rice Breeding for Super High Yield— from Theories to Practices

自20世纪80年代初提出并开展水稻超高产育种研究以来 ,经过20年的努力 ,已在超高产育种理论研究、新株型优异种质创制和超高产育种实践等方面取得重大突破。(1)确立了利用籼粳稻亚远缘或地理远缘杂交创造新株型和强优势 ,再通过复交或回交优化性状组配 ,聚合有利基因 ,并使理想株型与优势相结合 ,培育超高产品种或超级杂交稻的理论与技术路线 ;(2)创制出一批新株型育种材料 ;(3)育成了常规超级稻沈农265和沈农606,超级杂交稻两优培9和协优9308,大面积试种示范平均单产已超过12t·hm-2,并实现了超高产与优质的结合。

After experiencing two major breakthroughs, one through breeding for dwarfs and the other through the usage of hybrid heterosis rice yield level has been stagnated for a long time. The third breakthrough in yield would come from breeding for super high yield, combining the ideal plant type with the growth vigor. Research findings have shown that increasing biological yield provides a material basis for yield rise, whereas optimizing yield components is the precondition for attaining such a goal. The findings have also indicated that the effective way to develop super high-yielding varieties is to create a plant type and harness the mighty vigor through crossing indicia with japonica subspecies, or crossing geographically distant varieties. These two advantages are then consolidated through optimizing the combination of desirable traits via multiple crossing or backcrossing. Based on this theory and method, germplasmes with new plant type and super high-yielding japonica varieties have been developed. And grain-yield has reached 12～ 13t· hm-2. The most distinctive feature of the varieties is their erect heavy panicle and substantial biomass production.