汉语叙实反叙实名词的句法差异及其认知解释

The Syntactic Difference between Factive and Counter-factive Nouns:A Cognitive Explanation

现代汉语名词具有叙实性。其中,预设其定语小句为真的名词是叙实名词(如:小王出国的事实→小王出国了),而预设其定语小句为假的名词是反叙实名词(如:孩子生病的谎言→孩子没有生病)。我们发现,叙实名词和反叙实名词在句法表现上呈现出较大差异。首先,叙实名词语义中的“真”义,使其排斥多种句法结构:不常跟施成角色共现、不能对施成角色进行否定、不与“假造”义动词共现等;而反叙实名词语义中的“假”义,则允许其搭配多种物性角色和多种语义类别的动词。其次,叙实名词容易被表示主观否定性的词汇削弱或取消其预设定语小句为“真”的“叙实”特征;而反叙实名词预设其定语小句为假的“反叙实”特征则不可取消。最后,文章使用“疑善信恶”这种基本的认知模式,来解释名词“真、假”语义如何造成其在句法上的不对称表现。

Some nouns in Mandarin Chinese have a factive interpretation.The appositional attributive clauses of factive nouns( e.g.,shishi fact ’) can be deduced as true.By contrast,the appositional attributive clauses of counterfactive nouns( eg.,huangyan‘lie’) can be deduced as false.The factive and counter-factive nouns are different in terms of their syntactic behaviors as follows:(1) The ‘truth ’ sense of a factive noun is incompatible with a number of syntactic constructions,whereas a counter-factive noun is does not follow such restrications;(2) The factivity of a factive noun tends to be undermined by those lexical items which expressing subjective negation,whereas,if a counter-factive noun presupposes that its attributive clause is false,this falsity cannot be revoked.These syntactic asymmetries of the factive and counter-factive nouns are explained within the cognitive model of‘disbelieving the good but believing the bad’.