“V得/不来”结构的能性类别及其语义演变

On the Possibility Types and Semantic Evolution of Potential Verb-Complement Constructions of “V de (得)/bu (不) lai (来)”

'V得/不来'作为能性述补结构,其能性特征可通过动力学图式描述。该结构多表达动力情态,即叙说者认为满足主客观条件或者受到主客观条件阻碍可能或不可能实现移动者的主观意愿,具有一定的主观性。该结构存在着从空间域到领属域、存在域、生理域、行为域的放射性隐喻扩展,语义不断泛化与虚化,可表评价意义、估价情态与道义情态,句法上动词由位移动词到非位移动词,由动作动词到心理/生理动词、言说动词、形容词,由可后接宾语到不能后接宾语。'V得/不来'在使用频率、所在认知域比例、句法凝固度、肯定否定的确定性程度等方面存在不对称,同时,'V不来'的泛化与虚化早于'V得来'。

This paper argues that the possibility characteristics of'V de(得)/bu(不)lai(来)',a type of potential verb-complement constructions,can be described by the'force dynamics'schema.It has a certain degree of subjectivity,and mostly expresses dynamic modality,which means the narrator considers that it is possible to realize the subjective will of the mover when it satisfies the subjective and objective conditions,or that it is impossible to realize the subjective will of the mover when hindered by the subjective and objective conditions.The metaphorical content of the construction shows a radioactive extension and reflects semantic evolution from the spatial cognitive domain to the domains of possession,presence,existence and physiological activity and behaviors.Semantically,the construction can express evaluative meaning,evaluate modality and moral modality.Verbs compatible with the construction extend from displacement verbs to nondisplacement verbs,from action verbs to psychological/physiological verbs,verbs of speech,adjectives,and from receptive objects to inaccessible objects.Statistics show that there are asymmetries between'V de(得)lai(来)'and'V bu(不)lai(来)'in the frequency of use,the proportion of cognitive domains,the degree of syntactic coagulation,and the degree of certainty of affirmative or negation.Based on the diachronic corpus data,this paper argues that the generalization and grammaticalization of'V bu(不)lai(来)'is earlier than'V de(得)lai(来)'.