被动范畴与汉语被动句的发展

Passive categories and the changes of passive constructions in Chinese

被动句是包含被动范畴的句子。汉语先后出现低位被动范畴与高位被动范畴,并沿用至今。低位被动范畴先是零形式,后出现'见',现在主要是'给';高位被动范畴先是'为',后出现'被'及其他的语音形式。低位被动范畴扩展外部论元被贬抑的动词短语,所以最初出现的于字句与见字句,其外部论元都是由介词'于'等引进的。高位被动范畴扩展带外部论元的动词短语,所以后来出现的为字句与被字句,其外部论元是直接引进的,内部论元在移位后也可留复指代词'所'与'之'等。两种被动范畴还可以共现,如'为……见……''被……见……'等。被动句中的外部论元可以是施事,也可以是别种语义角色。

A passive construction is a construction including a passive category.The low passive category and the high one appear in Chinese successively and have been in use till now.The former takes a zero phonological form,followed by'jian'(见),which nowadys is replaced by'gei'(给);the latter is realized by'wei'(为),substituted later by'bei'(被)and other phonological forms.The low passive category extends only verb phrases without external arguments,hence it first appears in'jian'-construction and'yu'(于)-construction,and external arguments are introduced by the aid of a preposition'yu'(于).The high passive category extends verb phrases with external arguments.Therefore,in both'wei'(为)construction and'bei'(被)constructions,external arguments are introduced directly,and internal arguments can have corresponding resumptive pronouns such as'suo'(所)and'zhi'(之)after their movements.The two kindsof passive categories can coexist,as in'wei(为)...jian(见)'and'bei(被)...jian(见)'.The theta roles of external arguments in passive constructions can be agents or other alternatives.