代詞詞尾“着”的來源

On the Origins of Pronoun Suffix Zhe(着)

本文試圖從漢語自身演變和語言接觸的角度,探討現代漢語代詞詞尾'着'及'這麽着''那麽着''怎麽着'説法的來源。認爲代詞詞尾'着'産生於清代有内外兩方面的原因:從漢語自身發展的角度看,它源於時體助詞'着',是'着'表示方式用法的進一步籺展的結果,卽'這麽、那麽、怎麽'替代了'V1着V2'結構中V1的位置;同時受到三音蔇樣態指代詞'般樣'義後綴的類化,進而獲得了稱代用法。從語言接觸的角度看,'這麽着''那麽着''怎麽着'説法的出現和盛行同滿語的影響有很大關係。跟元代的'那般者'一樣,'這麽着''那麽着''怎麽着'也主要用於稱代,特别是構成假設、條件或原因複句的前一分句,以引起下文,這是受了滿語'諾辭'e及其相關説法和uttu/tuttu oci、uttu/tuttu ofi、uttu/tuttu ome等固定表達影響的結果。'那般者'與'這麽着''那麽着'並無直接繼承關係,而是不同歷史時期阿爾泰語同漢語強烈接觸所産生的若干個具有類型學共性的干擾特徵之一。

This paper,taking from the perspectives of the self-evolution of Chinese and language contact,makes a study of the origin of Chinese pronoun suffix Zhe(着)and Zhe'me'zhe(這麽着),Na'me'zhe(那麽着),Zen'me'zhe(怎麽着).It is believed that there are both the internal and external causes for pronoun suffix Zhe to come into being in the Qing Dynasty.From the self-evolution point of view,it derived from the aspectual particle Zhe(着),which is a usage extension of the particle Zhe that indicating manner,i.e.Zhe'me(这麽),Na'me(那麽)and Zen'me(怎麽)replaced V1in the structure of‘V1Zhe(着)V2';meanwhile,assimilated by the suffixes of trisyllable adverbial demonstratives,such as ban(般)and yang(樣).From the perspective of language contact,the emergence and prevalence of Zhe'me'zhe(這麽着),Na'me'zhe(那麽着),Zen'me'zhe(怎麽着)in the Qing Dynasty were greatly influenced by the Manchu language.Like Na'ban'zhe(那般者)used in Yuan Dynasty,Zhe'me'zhe(這麽着),Na'me'zhe(那麽着),Zen'me'zhe(怎麽着)were also mainly used for reference,especially made up the first clause in hypothetical,conditional and causal compound sentence,to draw forth the following texts.These usages are the result of the combining influences ofe(so called‘Nuoci(諾辭)’,which means ok,all right)and its related expressions and some set phrases like uttu/tuttu oci,uttu/tuttu ofi,uttu/tuttu ome in Manchu language.However,there is no direct inheritance between Na'ban'zhe(那般者)and Zhe'me'zhe(這麽着),Na'me'zhe(那麽着),Zen'me'zhe(怎麽着),but is one of the contact-induced interference features showing typological universals between Northern Mandarin and Altaic languages in different historical periods.