試論《同文備考》所見的若干聲韻特點

Some Phonological Features as Revealed in Tongwen Beikao(《同文備考》) of Ming Dynasty

吴語音韻史的探討,需要盡可能地發掘歷史文獻資料的價值。本文以明代《同文備考》(包括所附的《聲韻會通》)爲主要討論對象,舉例説明了明代北部吴語的若干音韻特點,包括零聲母字聲調陰陽差别形成的聲母對立、寒山韻有别和寒韻字的銳鈍分韻、覃談有别和談韻字的銳鈍分韻、宕江攝知莊章聲母字的讀音等。文章也指出了使用這些材料時應該注意的若干細節問題,如應分辨早期吴語資料中的異讀音(官話和吴語的文白異讀、吴語本身的條件異讀),討論方言歷史音韻特徵時應使用常用字爲語料,避免生僻字或書面用字等。

In this article,we discuss some phonological features revealed by Tongwen Beikao(《同文備考》)authored by Wang Yingdian who was born in Kunshan,Jiangsu province in Ming Dynasty.The issues proposed here include:(1)the phonetic contrast between the zero-initial syllables with the yintone and yang tone;(2)the phonological contrast between the han(寒)and shan(山)rhyme syllables and the difference of phonetic value between the acute and grave initials of the hanrhyme syllables;(3)the phonological contrast between the tan(覃)and tan(談)rhyme syllables and the difference of phonetic value between the acute and grave initials of the tan rhyme syllables;(4)the phonological reflexes of dang(宕)and jiang(江)rhyme group syllables with zhi(知),zhuang(莊)and zhang(章)initial groups.Besides,several detailed problems regarding as distinguishing the nature of different readings of the same syllable appeared in historical document,the necessity of avoiding using rarely used words and written words when researching the phonological issues.