从早期閩南話到現代臺灣閩南話否定詞的歷史演變——關於三個否定詞的概述

Diachronic Change in Southern Min Negators and the Negative-existential Cycle

本文主要的研究對象是早期閩南話中三個否定詞:一般否定詞[m7]'不'、存在否定詞[bo5]'無'和非現實情態否定詞[be7]'?/袂'。我們把這三個否定詞在早期閩南話的分佈情況與在現代臺灣閩南話的分佈情況進行比較研究。早期閩南話使用的材料主要是14、15世紀到19世紀的《荔鏡記》以及其他版本《荔枝記》。現代臺灣閩南話的材料來源於在綫語料庫以及臺灣閩南話形容詞列表。文章以上述的三個否定詞爲例探究閩南話否定詞的歷時演化過程。與現代臺灣閩南話不同的是,《荔鏡記》及其他早期閩南話材料中的一般否定詞[m7]'不'可以和大多數的狀態謂詞相結合,而現代臺灣閩南話中[m7]'不'只能同極少數的狀態謂詞或形容詞共現。[be7]'?'或[bo5]'無'則可以和大部分的狀態謂詞共現。早期閩南話中的[bo5]'無'的用法與中古漢語類似,一般情況下主要表示存在否定。我們試圖通過閩南話否定詞的歷時演化過程推斷可能的否定演化動機及其路徑。

This paper sets out to examine the distribution and the use of three main negators in Early Southern Min(ESM,14 th-19 th centuries)with stative predicates:the general negator m7,the negative existential predicate bo5(無)and the irrealis negator be7(?).The corpus of the study is constitued by the Li Jing Ji(荔鏡記)(1566)opera and its different versions known as the Li Zhi Ji(荔枝記),as well as other early materials.A comparative analysis with contemporary Taiwan Southern Min(TSM)based on an online corpus of the TSM concordance and a list of commonly used TSM adjectives is also undertaken in the paper.We try to show what has been the diachronic process in the evolution of the negative markers in Southern Min on the basis of the distribution of the three negators.Unlike the case for contemporary TSM,in the Li Jing Ji and other early materials,the general negator m7 can combine with a large number of stative predicates,most of which usually combine with be7(?)or bo5(無)in contemporary TSM.Only a few stative predicates are really able to combine with bo5(無)which is mainly used as a negative existential verb during this early period.We finally attempt to identify at which stage the TSM negators have been situated in the negative-existential cycle and finally propose a hypothesis on the possible motivations and the pathways underlying their evolution.