從動詞否定到條件句標記——以“不V”爲例

From Verbal Negation to Conditional Marker:A Case Study of ’bu-V’

'不拘'發生了從作格動詞'拘'的否定到條件句標記的語法化,在此進程中,'不拘'賓語的語義變化、主語的有無以及後續小句出現與否是處於相互影響的動態系統中。一批'不V'構式,如'不論''不管''不揀''不問''不是'等都從動詞的否定形式最終走向條件句標記,這種從否定到條件的理據性與'不V'的降級、自由選擇作爲過渡語義以及預設先行的會話原則密切相關。伴隨'不V'構式的語法化,'不V'所在小句和後一小句由並列關係融合爲主次關係。

‘buju(不拘,lit.not.fetter,‘not fettered by’)’has undergone the grammaticalization from the negation of the ergative verb ju(拘)to a conditional marker,in which myriad parameters are dynamically interacted,i.e.semantic changes of the verbal objects,the presence and absence of the subjects,and of the consecutive clause.Such grammaticalization has also occurred for a large inventory of‘bu-V’(不 V)constructions such as‘bulun(不論),buguan(不管),bujian(不 揀),buwen(不 問),bushi(不 是)’,etc.The motivatedness behind the negation-to-condition evolution can be identified as to be related with the syntactic degradation of‘bu-V’,the semantic value of‘free choice’as the transitional meaning,and the shared presupposition pattern.Along with the grammaticalization of‘bu-V’,the clause with‘bu-V’combines itself with its consecutive clause so as to exhibit the co-subordination relation.