城市生态系统适宜度的时空对比分析

Contrastive analysis in space and on time of urban ecosystem niche-fitness

本文将生态位适宜度理论引入城市生态系统的研究,在前人研究的基础上改进了城市生态位适宜度的数学模型,考虑了权重的影响。选取GDP增长率、人均住房使用面积、每平方千米SO_2排放量、每万人拥有医生数、每万人拥有高等学校在校学生数等21项经济、社会、环境、生态、健康、教育因子构建城市生态适宜度的指标体系,并以我国35个省级和副省级城市为例,计算出各个从1996年到2000年5种生态位适宜度值,分析探讨其时空变化规律,得出以下结论;(1)城市生态位适宜度既有空间差异、时间差异,又有因侧重的生态因子不同而导致的差异。(2)在五种生态位适宜度中,32个城市的基础设施生态位最低,27个城市的环境生态位最高。经济和收入、生态环境、基础设施、健康和教育、平均生态位最高的城市均是深圳,环境生态位最低的是石家庄,基础设施生态位最低的是银川,经济和收入生态位、健康和教育生态位、平均生态位最低的都是贵阳。

Basing on the previous research, we develop the niche-fitness theory of urban system and modify the model. First,we select 21 indexes such as GDP growing rate, average income etc. to establish the niche-index system. Then, taking 35 cities of China for example, we calculate five kinds of niche-fitness values from 1996—2000, namely niche-fitness of economic development and income, environmental niche-fitness, niche-fitness of foundational establishment, niche-fitness of education and health, and average niche-fitness. Analyzing the result, we draw the following conclusions: (1)Niche-fitness values of urban ecosystem not only are different in space in time, but change when ecological factors given different weights. (2) Five kinds of niche-fitness of 35 Chinese cities have different rules in space. (3) Five kinds of niche-fitness of 35 cities have different rules with time. (4) Of the five kinds of niche-fitness, that of foundational establishment of 32 cities is the lowest; environmental niche-fitness of 27 cities is the highest. Among all the cities, Shenzhen has the highest values of the five kinds of niche-fitness. Shijiazhuang has the lowest environmental niche; Yinchuan has the lowest niche-fitness of foundational establishment; as for as the other three kinds of niche-fitness, Guiyang has the lowest values.