汉语中的轻语类和双系式移位

Light Heads and Applicative Shift in Mandarin

语言通过两种不同的形式可以表达一系列广泛的含义,也就是双系式和旁格式。双系式包含动词(v/V)的投射,常常有句法形态标记(-appl)。旁格式通常以介词短语的形式出现。双系式旁格形式:α动词-applβγα动词γ[介词β]含义:造成领属关系,受益/受害/替代关系,工具;造成移动/移位,刺激,方式,理由有的语言倾向于使用旁格形式(例如英语),有的语言倾向于使用双系式形式(例如伊博语),有的语言可以在两者之间比较自由地转换(例如卢旺达语)。这两种形式之间的句法关系——派生还是不同的中心语投射——存在争议。本文认为汉语的动词短语(vP/VP)属于双系式结构。具体来说,一系列汉语结构(包括双宾语、非典型宾语)都是双系式。我们在Larson(2014)的投射理论框架之下提出分析。此理论将题元角色分析成形式化的句法题元特征,题元角色的分配由题元特征之间核查一致关系来实现。我们也讨论了这个分析方法的语义解释,以及它和选择之间的联系。后者与其他轻动词的分析有重要区别。

Languages are known to present a wide range of senses via two different forms.Applicative form involves recourse to the system of v/V-projections, and is often marked by specific verbal morphology(-appl). Oblique form often takes the form of prepositional phrases. Applicative Oblique Form: α V-appl β γ α V γ [P β]Senses: CAUSED POSSESSION, BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE/SUBSTITUTIVE, INSTRUMENTAL, CAUSED MOTION/LOCATION, STIMULATIVE, MANNER, REASON Some languages favor the latter form over the former(e.g., English);some favor the reverse(e.g, Igbo);others show robust alternation(e.g., Kinyarwanda). The syntactic relation between the two forms–derivation vs. separate projection is controversial. In this paper we argue for a view of Mandarin vP/VP structure placing it firmly within the family of applicative languages. Specifically, we argue that a wide range of Mandarin constructions, including double object structures, 'noncanonical' objects can be understood as applicatives. We frame our analysis within the account of projection proposed in Larson(2014), which recasts θ-roles as formal syntactic θ-features and θ-role assignment as θ-feature agreement, and provides a general account of structure projection and argument inversion. We also consider the semantic interpretation of this analysis, and its associated notion of selection, which departs in important respects from current light verb analyses.