东北地区沟垄和地膜覆盖对土壤水分分布及利用的影响

Effects of Ridge-furrow Tillage and Plastic Film Cover on Soil Moisture Distribution and Utilization in Northeast of China

定量化分析沟垄和地膜覆盖对玉米根区0~100 cm土壤水分分配、耗水量和玉米水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与平作不覆膜(NRF)相比较,沟垄不覆膜(RF0)没有提高出苗前玉米根区0~20 cm土壤含水量,沟垄覆膜(RF100和RF58)提高玉米种子周围0~10 cm土壤水分含量。RF0处理没有使玉米最大日耗水量提前,覆膜处理提前10 d。沟垄种植(RF100、RF58和RF0)没有降低花期最大日平均耗水量,提高玉米产量水分利用效率和干物质水分利用效率,覆膜处理进一步提高。沟垄和覆膜处理对水分吸收和利用受降水年型的影响,这种提高效应在少雨年份尤为明显。沟垄覆膜处理可有效规避作物生长发育过程中由于降水分布不均引起的干旱风险,确保作物高产、稳产。

To quantify the effects of ridge-furrow tillage and plastic film cover on soil moisture distribution,water consumption and water use efficiency(WUE)within 0-100 cm around maize roots.Compared with no ridge and film cover(NRF),ridges and furrows without film cover(RF0)did not improve the soil moisture content of 0-20 cm soil depth before maize emergency,while ridges and furrows with 100%and 58%film cover(RF100 and RF58)did.Plastic film cover increased 8%of the soil moisture content in 0-10 cm soil depth.RF0 did not move up the date of maize daily water consumption,while RF100 and RF58 advanced that by 10 d.Ridge-furrow treatments(RF100,RF58 and RF0)did not decrease the average daily water consumption during maize blooming stage,while increased yield and biomass WUE,and plastic film cover in RF100 and RF58 further increased yield and biomass WUE.The effects of ridge-furrow and film cover on water uptake and utilization were influenced by different amount of precipitation,and showed greater in the year with less precipitation.Ridges-furrow tillage combined with plastic film cover could avoid droughtresulting from uneven precipitation during crop growth period to ensure high and stable crop yield.