清代阿克苏城市形态及格局变迁探析

On the urban morphology and pattern of Aksu in the Qing dynasty

新疆阿克苏的城市形态和格局在清代发生了很大变化。文章借助汉文史籍、满文档案、察合台文文献、西文记述和古地图等,就清代阿克苏历史演进过程中的空间形态变迁这一前人极少关注的问题展开研究。在清政府治理与开发天山南路的大背景下,清代阿克苏在城市形态、城市格局等方面,经历了乾隆朝城市新建、道光朝扩建新城、阿古柏入侵时期道光朝新城废弃及光绪朝迁建新城等过程,在大多数历史时期,呈现的是与当地旧城(回城)双城并立的格局。这种地理上的变化无疑是清政府治理与开发南疆的具体写照和清代南疆地区城市发展特殊性的缩影,同时部分塑造了今日阿克苏市城市形态及阿克苏地区城市格局。

The urban morphology and pattern of Aksu changed dramatically in the Qing dynasty.The paper expounds the above-mentioned evolution with the help of Chinese historical data,Manchu archives,Chagatai literature,Western records and some ancient maps.In the context of the administration and development of the south of Tianshan Mountains by the Qing Imperial Court,Aksu experienced the urban reconstruction in the period of Emperor Qianlong,the new urban expansion in the period of Emperor Daoguang,and the abandonment of the new city incurred by the invasion led by Yaqub Beg in the period of Emperor Daoguang as well as the relocation of the new city in the period of Emperor Guangxu.In most cases,Aksu presented a pattern of double cities.This geographical change mirrored the typical administration of south Xinjiang by the Qing Imperial Court and the peculiarity of the urban development in south Xinjiang,and partly helped shape the present-day urban morphology and pattern in this area.