普通话审音的一个难点——中古入声字的异读:历史、现状及思考

A Diffi cult Issue in the Examination of Pronunciations in Putonghua—Variant Pronunciations of Ancient Rusheng Characters: Its History, Current Situations and Our Reflections

本文首先说明新一期普通话审音工作所依据的五条原则及其用于入声字定音所遇到的困难;然后统计分析元代以来有关北方通语或北京音的六部重要韵书(《中原音韵》《蒙古字韵》《合并字学篇韵便览》《李氏音鉴》《音韵逢源》《京音字汇》)所记录的入声字韵母异读和声调异读,并结合社会因素的变迁分析这些异读历时变化的原因和趋向;之后再考察当前在广大官话方言中入声异读的不同类型及各种异读类型在地域分布上的广狭,并进一步分析地域分布广狭与文献所反映的历时变化趋向的关联;最后是对审音工作如何处理中古入声字异读的一点思考。

Firstly,this paper illustrates the five principles of the examination of Putonghua pronunciations,and shows that these principles are difficult to apply to the ancient rushengcharacters.Secondly,the paper analyzes the variant finals and variant tones of rusheng characters in six important rhyme books about the pronunciation of Northern Common Language or Beijing dialect since Yuan Dynasty,which are,Zhongyuan Yinyun(《中原音韵》),Menggu Ziyun(《蒙古字韵》),Hebing Zixue Pian Yun Bianlan(《合并字学篇韵便览》),Lishi Yinjian(《李氏音鉴》),Yinyun Fengyuan(《音韵逢源》),Jingyin Zihui(《京音字汇》).Furthermore,combining the social factors,the paper analyzes the causes and the tendencies of these variant pronunciation changes.Thirdly,the paper examines the different types of rusheng variant pronunciations in Mandarin dialects and their geographical distributions,and analyzes the relationship between regional distribution and the historical change mentioned in previous literature.At the end of the paper,it puts forward some reflections on how to deal with the examination of rusheng characters.