汉语历时构式语法中的构式压制和反压制——以“见V”构式的形成、发展为例

Construction Coercion and Anti-coercion in Chinese Diachronic Construction Grammar: Taking “Jian V” as an the Example

由'见'参与构成的构式的历时演变中有压制和反压制两种现象。由于侧重不同的认知侧面,殷商出现的'见O'构式由{[见看O]?[看某客体]}演变为西周的{[见看见O]?[看见某客体]}。此后构式压制使'见'的宾语更为丰富,抽象名词、短语、小句、动词等进入O位;但动作动词也有反压制作用,不但力图保留自身属性,还对'见'和构式起反作用:使'见'的地位下降,变成被动义助动词;使构式核心由'见'转移到其后的动词,'见OV-N'变为被动'见V',并衍生主动'见V'。在多种因素的作用下,'见'的语义有下列变化:看→看见→遭遇→遭受→被动义助动词→虚义动词。被动'见V'形成之前,构式语义和形式虽有细微变化,但未形成新形-新义对;从'见OV-N'到被动'见V'和主动'见V',形成了两种新的形-义对,达成两种构式化。

In the evolution of Chinese syntactic structures with two or more verbs,there are two kinds of phenomena:construction coercion and anti-coercion.Take the form'jian-V'for example,from the Shang dynasty to the Western Zhou period,it changed from{[jian O]-[look at O]}to{[jian O]-[see O]}.After that,influenced by construction coercion,the object forms of jian,like abstract nouns,phrases,clauses and verbs,became more abundant.Due to the effect of anti-coercion of action verbs,the action verbs gradually restored their properties and had an opposite effect on jian and the construction,forcing jian to become an auxiliary verb of passive constructions.The syntactic core transferred from jian to the following verb.Gradually,the form'jian OV-N'evolved into the passive form'jian V',and finally turned into an active form'jian V'.The word jian has experienced the following meaning changes accordingly:look(action verb)→see(perception psychological verb)→encounter→suffer(Vsuffer)→passive auxiliary verb→delexical verb.No new form-meaning pair ever existed before the emergence of the passive form'jian V'except for some subtle formal and semantic changes.It was not until the emergence of the passive form'jian V'and active form'jian V'that two new form-meaning pairs had come into being,forming two types of constructionalization.