水肥一体化对小麦水分利用和光合特性的影响

Effects of water-fertilizer integration on water use and photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat

于2016—2018年小麦生长季,在山东省兖州市史家王子村进行田间试验,供试品种为‘济麦22’,在150(N_1)、180(N_2)和210(N_3) kg·hm^(-2) 3个施氮量下,拔节期设置畦灌和撒施追氮(W_1)及微喷带灌溉和追氮水肥一体化(W_2)两种灌溉施氮方式,研究了测墒补灌条件下灌溉施氮方式对小麦水分利用、光合特性及干物质积累与转运的影响.结果表明:同一施氮量条件下,W_2两年度灌浆期7日平均棵间蒸发量均显著低于W_1处理,60～160 cm土层土壤水分消耗量显著高于W_1处理;W_2两年度开花后14、21和28 d的旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著高于W_1处理;W_2开花期和成熟期干物质积累量及小麦开花后干物质积累在籽粒中的分配显著高于W_1处理;W_2两年度总耗水量与W_1处理均无显著差异,籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率显著高于W_1处理,施氮量为210 kg·hm^(-2)的籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率最高.综合考虑,同一施氮量水平下,微喷带灌溉和追氮水肥一体化处理优于畦灌和撒施追氮处理,总施氮量210 kg·hm^(-2)、拔节期采用微喷带灌溉和追氮水肥一体化的N_3W_2处理是本试验条件下节水节肥的最优处理.

In two growing seasons of wheat(2016-2018),a field trial with Jimai 22 as test mate-rial was conducted in Shijiawangzi Village,Yanzhou City,Shandong Province.Under three nitrogen levels of 150(N1),180(N2)and 210(N3)kg·hm-2,two irrigation-fertilization methods were designed at jointing as border irrigation and broadcasting of fertilizer(W1),micro spraying irrigation and water-fertilizer integration(W2),to examine the effects of irrigation-fertilization methods on water use,photosynthetic characteristics,and dry matter accumulation and transport of wheat.The results showed that under the same nitrogen level,seven days average soil evaporation of W2 treatment in filling period was significantly lower than that of W1 treatment,and that soil water consumption in the 60-160 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that in W1 treatment.The flag leaf net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of W2 treatment were signi-ficantly higher than W1 treatment from 14 to 28 days after anthesis.The amount of dry matter in anthesis and maturity stage and the allocation to grain of post-anthesis assimilates of W2 treatment were significantly higher than those in W1 treatment.There was no difference in total water consumption between W2 and W1 treatments.Grain yield,water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of W2 treatment were significantly higher than W1 treatment.The highest grain yield,water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were obtained at the nitrogen level of 210 kg·hm-2.By comprehensive considerations,under the same nitrogen level,treatment of micro spraying irrigation and water-fertilizer integration was better than border irrigation and broadcasting of fertilizer.The W2N3 treatment under the nitrogen level of 210 kg·hm-2 and with the application of micro spraying irrigation and water-fertilizer integration at jointing was the optimal treatment to save water and fertilizer.