枣树免去雄杂交育种的设计与实践

Design and Practice of Emasculation-free Cross Breeding in Chinese Jujube

在枣树杂交育种中,因其花朵很小去雄难、坐果率低、胚败育严重,常规人工授粉杂种得率通常只有万分之一左右,致使杂交育种长期徘徊不前,至今未有人工杂交枣新品种问世。作者历时10余年,以解决去雄难和胚败育严重两大瓶颈问题为突破口,在系统研究枣树不同种质结实特性和花粉育性并攻克幼胚挽救技术的基础上,探索建立枣树免去雄杂交育种的高效技术体系,并在育种实践中加以改进和完善。通过人工控制杂交,成功获得了2个组合的211个杂种后代。从育种目标、亲本选配、免去雄控制杂交、授粉方法、胚培养及杂种的分子标记鉴定等方面提出了枣树杂交育种的设计方案与实现途径。并对今后枣树杂交育种的攻关重点和发展前景进行了分析讨论。

Little progress has been made for a long time in Chinese jujube cross breeding and none new cultivar via artificial cross-breeding has been released so far. Only approximate 0.01% of pollinated flowers produce fruits with hybrid seeds in conventional manual hybridization as a result of difficult manual emasculation(flower very small),very low fruit set rate and severe embryo abortion. After over 10 years of study on the fruiting characteristics and pollen viability as well as exploration of embryos culture with different ages,we made a substantial progress in jujube cross breeding by overcoming the two bottleneck techniques,i.e.,emasculation and embryo rescue. Here we presented the design scheme and practical techniques for high efficient cross breeding of Chinese jujube,including breeding targets,parent selection,controlled hybridization without emasculation,pollination methods,acquirement of hybrids by embryo culture and molecular identification of hybrids. The design scheme has been carried out and further improved in practice. Two hundred and eleven hybrids from 2 cross combinations were obtained via controlled hybridization for the first time. The development prospects of Chinese jujube cross breeding were also discussed.