长白山阔叶红松林的生态价位

Eco-value level assessment of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain

森林生态系统的众多服务功能在近年来受到国际社会的广泛关注 ,生态系统服务评价方法和案例在国内外也有很多研究。在我国实施天然林保护工程的背景下 ,基于生态系统服务评价的思路 ,提出生态价位的相关概念和等级划分方法 ,并以长白山阔叶红松林为对象 ,进行了初步研究。生态价位是某生态系统的生态系统服务价值的大小程度 ,根据现实情况和研究目的不同 ,具体可以衍生出基本生态价位、现实生态价位、潜在生态价位及生态价位差的概念。应用这一组概念 ,不通过直接评价某一类型或某一地区的生态系统的各种服务价值 ,而是以相对比较的方式说明研究对象的生态价值的大小程度和分布特征。在长白山自然保护区和森林资源保护较好的两个林场范围内 ,选取不同群落和物理环境特征的典型阔叶红松林生态系统样地进行了调查 ,并对劲松林场进行区域性生态系统调查。研究结果表明 :在自然状态下 ,阔叶红松林的生态价位可以用基本生态价位表示 ,采用群落生物量作为基本生态价位的划分标准 ,分为 4级 :BEVL ,群落生物量 0～ 12 0 t/ hm2 ;BEVL ,群落生物量 12 0～ 2 4 0 t/ hm2 ;BEVL ,群落生物量 2 4 0～ 36 0 t/ hm2 ;BEVL ,群落生物量 >36 0 t/ hm2 ;对受到人为干扰的阔叶红松林 ,则根据其所处物理环境。

In few past years, scientists have greatly focused on various ecosystem services forests provided. Several cases have been investigated and numerous evaluation methods set up. The eco-value level (EVL) refers to the relative amount of services resulted from the management of a given ecosystem. The resulting calculated value represents a good indication on the difference between services generated from diverse ecosystem components. Variations in ecosystem conditions and in study purposes have given rise to many derivative concepts, such as basic eco-value level (BEVL), realistic eco-value level (REVL), potential eco-value level (PEVL) and difference of eco-value level (DEVL), which have efficiently and significantly determined the relative amount of ecosystem services as well as their distribution characteristics. Using these concepts and their related techniques, the Chinese Natural Forest Preservation Program (CNFPP) has conducted a trial on the broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BLKPF) in the natural reserve and two forest farms of Changbai Mountain. Typical plots were selected according to different community characteristics, physical environments and anthropogenic disturbances. The regional area involved the entire Jinsong forest farm. This study revealed that, under natural conditions, BELV could be, not only utilized as a good indicator of the EVL in BLKPF, but also classified into four community biomass scales, namely BELV Ⅰ (<120 t/hm^2), BELV Ⅱ (120～240 t/hm^2), BELV Ⅲ (240～360 t/hm^(2)), BELV Ⅳ (>360 t/hm^(2)). The EVL index (EI) equation in human-disturbed forests was formulated using the analysis hierarchical processing (AHP) method and included eight factors, namely, slope, soil depth, stability of soil parental material, coverage of above-ground canopy, species diversity, regeneration rate of the stand, life span of dominant tree species, and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance, from the physical environments, community composition and structure, and anthropogenic disturbance. According to the EI ranges, the REVL of PLKPF was classified into REVL Ⅰ (1.000～1.874), REVL Ⅱ(1.874～2.749), and REVL Ⅲ (2.749～3.623). For disturbed and low-quality forests, PEVL was also calculated by above method assuming that their communities have matched the best condition; meanwhile, DEVL could be got as the EI difference between PEVL and REVL of the same stand to analyze the reason of decreased EVL and enact corresponding measurement. In the surveyed forest region, the surface tendency technique was performed to (1) demonstrate the REVL and PEVL in the total area and (2) analyze the spatial changes in EVL as well as the management strategy of the place. Data from typical plots DEVL showed that the maximum rate of DEVL to REVL was 0.289, suggesting a great potential of promoting ecosystem services through suitable management techniques. This study also point out that, in Jinsong forest farm, more than 40% area changed due to improper human activities, leading to a remarkable reduction of the ecosystem services value. This preliminary EVL research work in BLKPF would provide a new way in the sustainable preservation and management of Changbai Mountain forest.