违法性认识的体系性地位——刑民交叉视野下违法性认识要素的规范分配

Position of Illegality Awareness in a Law System

违法性认识的体系地位具有相对性:在民法领域,由于以事实作为归责的核心,因而对行为人过错的要求也相对缓和,违法性认识不是过错的构成要素;而在刑法领域,违法性认识是罪责判断的规范构成要素,故有必要立足于刑法的一般原理重新审视其体系性地位问题。在要素的分配上,主张以人权保障为中心,将违法性认识作为故意的要素,以确保国民的行动自由;以旧过失论为依据,将违法性认识可能性作为过失的构成要素,以明确罪责的起点。于是,在缺乏违法性认识的场合,阻却故意责任,成立过失犯;在缺乏违法性认识可能性的情况下,阻却过失责任,进而否定犯罪的成立。

Illegality awareness is relatively positioned in a law system.In civil law,illegality awareness does not usually constitute the fault,for facts are the main evidence for imputation.But in criminal law,illegality awareness is a constitutive element in guilt-or-innocence judgment.Thus,it is necessary to reconsider its systematic status on the basis of the general principles of criminal law.