清代蒙古社会转型研究——后金及清初蒙古族地位及其语言文字

The Study on Mongolian Social Changes in Qing Dynasty ──The Mongolian Social Status in Late Jin and Early Qing and Its Language and Script

为避免两面作战 ,也为了把蒙古族的力量引导到抗击明朝的战争中 ,安抚、联合蒙古成为后金的重要策略。其内容包括婚姻上的门当户对 ,关系上的平等联合 ,施政上的互不干涉 ,归附人员的安置重用等。语言在民族认同及文化借鉴中具有桥梁作用。女真人以为 ,凡是讲女真语或通女真语者 ,应统一为一个国家。在统一各部的过程中 ,兼通蒙古、汉语言文字者成为女真族接触并吸收外文化的重要桥梁。后金还利用蒙古文创制满文 ,使满语官方语言的地位得到确立 ,国家的文献、文牍制度初步形成并得到完善。文字的创制、儒教经典的翻译、文教的推行 ,加快了后金统治者汉化的速度 ,从制度、文化、人才上为建立清朝和入主中原创造了条件。此间 ,就国家制度而言 ,蒙古语文已让位给满语文而退居次要地位。

In order to avoid two sides fighting and direct the Mongolian power to battle with Ming dynasty,alliance with Mongolian became the major policy in late Jin dynasty including marriage of equal status,reationship in equal status,mutual noninterference in administration,settlement of surrenders,etc.Language serves as a link in national identification and cultural reference from other nationalities.Jurchens had the idea that residents who speak in Jurchen language ought to be unified into one country.In this social integrative process,Mongolian and Han bilinguals played the role of bridge between different nationalities.Late Jin also created the Manchu script on the bassis of Mongolian script,and the national language,documentary system had been established and perfected.The creation of script,translation of Ham's classics,and introduce of education,accelerate the speed of Jurchens being integrated into Han's culture,form system,culture and qualified personnel created the well condition for late Jin to establish the Qing dynasty and enter and host the Central Plains.In this period,form the view of national system,Mongolian language and script lost their position and had already been replaced by Manchu language and script in subordinate rank.