冠状静脉窦的解剖及其在心脏逆行灌注中的临床意义

Anatomy of the coronary sinus and its clinical significance for retrograde cardioplegia

目的为临床选择逆行灌注的操作技术及提高灌注效果提供解剖学依据。方法取福尔马林固定的成年尸体心脏标本50例,重点观察冠状静脉窦属支的引流情况及冠状静脉窦口与房室结动脉的解剖关系。结果心中静脉在冠状静脉窦的开口距窦口的最短距离为(3.4±1.5)mm,左室后静脉、心小静脉汇入心中静脉者分别占30%和4%,心中静脉与心小静脉单独开口于右心房者分别占12%和2%。房室结动脉距冠状静脉窦口前、后点的距离分别为(4.9±2.5)和(9.9±4.2)mm,与窦口长轴成(21.2±15.6)°的交角。窦口左右两侧的心房壁厚度为(1.1±0.2)mm。结论直视下不带气囊的插管法较其他方法更具有解剖学优势,但在作窦口的荷包缝合时应充分考虑右房底壁厚度及窦口与房室结动脉的关系。为提高逆行灌注效果,应尽可能辅以顺行灌注、采用直视下不带气囊的插管法,以及对较大的异位心中静脉开口考虑附加灌注。

Objective To provide an anatomical basis for selecting optimal retrograde cardioplegia technique therefore to improve the effect of the operation. Methods Fifty formalin-fixed adult human cadaveric hearts were collected in this study, and special attention was given to the observation of the coronary sinus tributary drainage and the anatomical relationship between the orifice of the coronary sinus and the atrioventricular nodal artery. Results Although the majority of the tributaries drained into the coronary sinus, it was identified in 15 cases that the posterior vein of the left ventricle and in another 2 cases the small cardiac vein (SCV) made their way into the middle cardiac vein (MCV) respectively. In 6 cases MCV solely joined the right atrium, which was joined by SCV only in 1 case. Draining into the coronary sinus as seen in 44 cases, MCV had an opening 3.4±1.5 mm away from the orifice of the coronary sinus. In the direction perpendicular to the long axis of the coronary sinus orifice, the anterior and posterior extreme points were 4.9±2.5 mm and 9.9±4.2 mm respectively, away from the atrioventricular nodal artery, which crossed the long axis of the coronary sinus orifice at an angle of 21.2±15.6°. The right atrial wall on both sides of the coronary sinus orifice was of a uniform thickness of 1.1±0.2 mm. Conclusions Direct-vision non-balloon-tipped cannulation conforms better to the anatomical features described above. In purse-string suture, however, sufficient care should be taken of the dangerously thin inferior atrial wall and the close relationship between the coronary sinus orifice and the atrioventricular nodal artery. For better cardioprotective effect of retrograde cardioplegia, non-balloon-tipped cannula under direct vision should be adopted with the assistance of antegrade perfusion and, when necessary, additional transfusion via the exotic MCV opening may be used when the opening appears relatively wide.