7岁超常和常态儿童的信息加工速度

SPEED OF INFORMATION PROCESSING (SIP) OF 7 YEAR OLD INTELLECTUALLY SUPERNORMAL AND NORMAL CHILDREN

该研究以超常和常态儿童各 2 5名 (平均年龄分别为 6岁 10个月和 6岁 11个月 )为被试 ,以选择反应、图形匹配、心理旋转、和抽象匹配为基本认知任务 ,对超常和常态儿童的信息加工速度作了比较研究。研究者对被试的正确率和反应时作了分析。结果表明 :(1)超常儿童基本信息加工能力显著优于普通儿童 ,具体表现在反应时更短 ,或正确率更高。 (2 )超常儿童与常态儿童信息加工的差异与任务难度有关 ,在选择反应和图形匹配任务中 ,超常儿童的反应时显著短于常态儿童。而且 ,在图形匹配任务中 ,任务难度越大 ,差异越显著。而在心里旋转和抽象匹配任务中 ,超常儿童的正确率显著高于常态儿童。 (3)任务的难度无论对超常组被试还是常态组被试的反应时及反应正确率都有影响 ,但影响方式不太一样。在反应时上 ,随着任务难度的增加 ,两组被试的反应时都明显延长 ;但在正确率上 ,则随着任务难度的增加 ,常态组被试的正确率降低 ,而超常组被试的正确率基本稳定在一个较高的水平上 ,即任务难度间的差异不显著。

intellectually super-normal children (aged 6 yrs 10 months) were compared with 25 intellectually normal children (aged 6 yrs 11 months) on 4 Elementary Cognitive Tasks (ECTs), which included Choice Reaction Time (CRT), Logo Matching (LMRT), Mental Rotation (MR), and Abstract Matching (AM). The supernormal Ss were from an experimental class in a primary school in Beijing, and the normal Ss were selected randomly from a class in the same grade of the same school. The reaction time and correct ratio of Ss in each task were recorded with computer automatically. The results showed that: 1) The supernormal group performed better than the normal group in ETCs either by shorter RT or greater accuracy; 2) The SIP difference between the two group children is associated with the complexity of the task. In the first two ECTs(CRT & LMRT), the supernormal children react with shorter RT, and in LMRT, the more complex the task is, the more significant the difference is;But in the last two ETCs(MR & AM), the supernormal children react with greater accuracy, and in MR, the more complex the task is, the more significant the difference is.3) Ihe task complexity affects the reaction time and accuracy ratio of both the supernormal and normal children group, but in different ways. With the increase of complexity, the reaction times of both the normal and supernormal children were prolonged. At the same time, the accuracy ratio of the normal group children declined but that of the supernormal children kept stable in a rather high lever.