战国时期中央与地方的关系研究

A REVIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CENTRAL AUTHORITIES AND THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES DURING THE WARRING STATES PERIOD

战国时期,随着以郡统县的行政管理体制在各国的普遍推行,各诸侯国国君通过郡、县地方行政区及乡、亭、里等基层地域组织,自上而下形成了一个有序的统治网络,层层控制着整个国家。新的官僚制度的建立,便利了国君对地方官员的任免、选拔与考核权的掌握。中央对地方的视察制度的建立,具有考核地方民政、选拔人才并对施政方针征求意见等作用。与此同时,行县之制在加强中央、各级政权与基层之间的政治联系,加强中央王朝对地方的行政管辖方面发挥着一定的积极作用。监察制度的初步建立则是封建王朝加强专制统治的重要表现。国君对立法与司法权的垄断,是建立中央集权制国家的必然要求。户口的登记和赋役的摊派,内史、少府等国家财政机构的创设,标志着新型分立的单一制国家对地方经济的控制得到空前加强。发兵用符制度的建立,使得中央及地方军队的调遣权全部集中于国君一人之手。

With the general practice of the administrative system of prefecture ruling county in each state during the Warring States Period, each monarch in each state exercised control over the whole state level by level from top to bottom through prefecture, county, and such grassroot districts and organizations as village, ting and li. The new bureaucratic system facilitated the monarch to select, examine, appoint, and remove local officials. The inspection of local administration by the central authorities had the functions of examining the local civil administration, selecting talents, and seeking opinions on the policies in practice. The system of touring the county play an active role in bring into close political ties between the central authorities at all levels, and between the local authorities and the grassroot organizations, thus strengthening the centralization of the dynastic power. The establishment of supervision system was an important expression of strengthening the autocratic rule by the feudal dynasty. The monopoly of legislative and judicial powers by the monarch was inevitable to the establishment of centralized state power. Registration of households, distribution of tax and labor, establishment of state financial institutions such as Nei Shi and Shao Fu, etc. marked the reinforcement of the single and direct control of finance by the state authorities over the localities. The system of deploying military forces by tally gave the monarch the sole power to dispatch armies both central and local.