两枚明清中央政府颁赐西藏地方官员印章考释

An Investigation into Two Seals Granted to Local Tibetan Officials by the Ming and Qing Central Governments

在西藏的博物馆和寺庙内,至今保存着大量历朝中央政府颁赐给西藏地方官员的敕诰印信,这些珍贵的文物资料承载着重要的历史,是汉藏民族政治和文化关系的重要见证。文章选取两枚明清时期中央政府颁赐给西藏地方的印章——“净修通悟国师”印和“慧通禅师之印”,作者在前人研究基础上,结合新发掘的汉藏文史料,认为前者是明代永乐皇帝颁赐给西藏达隆寺第九任法座扎西贝孜的国师印,后者为乾隆皇帝颁赐给第七世济咙活佛的印章,并确认其封授时间为乾隆十八年。印章的封赐反映了明代西藏与达隆寺之间的关系往来以及清代前期统治者与西藏济咙活佛一系的关系,本文还兼讨论了清朝政府对国师禅师的封赠等问题。

Tibetan museums and monasteries house a great number of edicts and seals granted to local Tibetan officials by the successive central governments of China. Carrying important historical information, these precious cultural relics bear important witness to the crucial political and cultural ties between Tibet and the central government. Using Chinese and Tibetan historical materials, this article explores two seals granted to local Tibetan officials by the Ming and Qing governments from the perspective of political history and the Sino-Tibetan relationship. The author believes that the first seal of Jingxiu tongwu guoshi净修通悟国师 was granted by the Yongle emperor of the Ming dynasty to Bkra shis dpal brtsegs,the ninth abbot(chos khri) of Stag lung monastery. The second seal with the inscription of "Huitong chanshi zhi yin"慧通禅师之印 was granted by the Qianlong emperor of the Qing dynasty to the seventh Rje drung Qutuqtu in the year of 1753. The granting of the two seals respectively reflect the relationship of the Ming court with Stag lung monastery and the early Qing court with the system of the Rje drung Qutuqtu reincarnations. This paper also deals with the imperial title granting system of Guoshi and Chanshi in the Qing Dynasty.