二十世纪康区政治强人夏克·刀登的崛起

The Rise of Jag? Topden, A Political Strongman in Kham in the Twentieth Century

本文以德格头人夏克·刀登在德格及康区政治中崛起为例,来探讨十九世纪末二十世纪早期,康区出现的与传统精英不同的被称为'当地政治强人'的新精英阶层。这一个案显示了康区基于传统世袭且先赋的地位开始向自致性的地位转变,也向我们揭示康区作为一个区域所具有的特性以及在康区新兴的权威及其合法性不断变化的性质。以夏克·刀登为代表的新精英阶层的崛起,一方面是基于个人魅力、能力、雄心以及政治手腕的娴熟,另一方面是当时的历史潮流把他们推上了'政治强人'的地位。与康区大多数传统势力不同,夏克·刀登富有时代责任感,对当时的大局认识比较清楚,故而能在当时康区的社会中脱颖而出。通过与争夺康区控制权的各方势力建立各种联盟,他不断地增强其权力与权威。他还通过塑造一个统一的康区身份使其权威合法化,并采纳了一些改革的新思想,从而成为可以和德格土司抗衡的权威人物。

Through the case study of the rise of the headman Jag?Topden in Dergé,this paper discusses the emergence in the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century of a new elite known as'local political strongmen'that was different from the traditional elite.This case study demonstrates how the nature of authority that was formerly based on traditional hereditary and ascribed status shifted to that of a position based on merit.It also reveals the unique characteristics of Kham as a region and looks at the ever-changing nature of the newly emergent authority and legitimacy in Kham.On one hand,the rise of the new elite represented by Jag?Topden was based on individual charisma,ability,ambition,and consummate political skills.On the other hand,the current historical tide allowed the emergence of the new elite as'political strongmen.'Different from most of the traditional forces in Kham,Jag?Topden had a strong sense of duty.He also had a comparatively clearer understanding of the general current political situation.Thus,he was able to rise to prominence in Kham.By forming alliances with various forces who were contending for the control of Kham,he continuously strengthened his power and authority.He also legitimized his authority through the adoption of a regional identity based on a united Kham and his appropriation of new ideas of reforms.Thereby,he rose to become the dominant figure who could contend with the Dergéking.