清朝川藏地方藏语文译员职缺设置时间考

Notes on the Establishment of the Position of Tibetan Translators in Sichuan and Tibet by the Qing Dynasty

清朝自后金时代通过自蒙古前来投奔的西藏僧人协助,得以能够完成藏语文文书的翻译工作。之后在顺治年间开设有唐古特学,并在康熙年间开始派遣学员前往拉萨和西宁学习藏语文,加之逐渐完善的驻京喇嘛制度,使得僧人和学员两相配合承担藏语文文书翻译工作得以在康雍时期获得成功。及至乾隆二十八年和三十八年通过在四川督府和驻藏大臣衙门设置藏语文翻译笔帖式职缺,使得清朝的藏语文文书翻译在中央和地方的制度建设层面获得完善。本文即是对四川督府和驻藏大臣衙门藏语文翻译笔帖式职缺设置时间等相关情形的讨论。

Since the late Jin period, the Qing Dynasty was able to have Tibetan documents translated with the assistance of Tibetan monks from Mongolia. Later, during the Kangxi period, non-Tibetan students were sent to Lhasa and Xining to study Tibetan and the regulations for monks that allowed them to stay in Beijing were gradually improved. The result was that success was achieved in the translation of Tibetan documents that was performed through the cooperation of Tibetan monks and these students in both the Kangxi and Yongzheng periods. In the 28 th and 38 th year of Qianlong’s period, a Bitieshi 笔帖式 position was set to do Tibetan translations at the Sichuan provincial government and in the office of the Ministers(amban) in Tibet. This article discusses the date of establishing this position and related issues.