中东的部落主义与国家

Tribalism and the State in the Middle East

欧内斯特·盖尔纳(Ernest Gellner,1925—1995)是当代西方著名的哲学家、社会人类学家、民族学家。盖尔纳生于巴黎一个捷克裔犹太家庭,在大学期间主攻哲学、政治学和经济学。1962年,成为英国伦敦经济学院教授。之后,他渐渐对文化、社会、民族学问题产生浓厚兴趣。1979年起,盖尔纳开始在剑桥大学任社会人类学教授。他在本文中指出,有八种主要因素影响了中东部落国家(或准国家)的形成。在这些因素的作用下,中东出现了五种主要的部落国家(或准国家)类型:纯部落模式、沙特模式、阿汗索模式、混合模式以及马穆鲁克模式。最后,他以独特的视角分析了中东部落国家(或准国家)相较同时期欧洲(尤其是意大利)的政治优势。

Ernest Gellner,a contemporary famous British-Czech philosopher and social anthropologist. He studied philosophy,politics and economics in university. In 1962,he became a professor at the London School of Economics. Later, he was interested in culture,society and ethnology,and became a professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Cambridge. This paper points out,in the Middle East,there are eight major elements in state formation,and five major patterns of tribal state ( or tribal quasi-state) : pure tribal state,Ahansal version, Saudi pattern,mixed pattern,and mamluk system. Finally,he analyzes the political advantages of tribal state ( or tribal quasi-state) in the Middle East than European ( especially Italian) at that time.