权利的人性分析——兼论人格权独立成编

The Humanity Analysis of Rights:Concurrently Discussing the Independent Compilation of Personality in the Forthcoming Civil Code of PRC

人性不仅是人的理性,也是人的自然属性。权利应顺应人之自然本性,才能顺其自然、才能满足人之根本需要,只有顺应人的自然发展的权利才是正当的权利。权利的自然要求并不否认权利意识之存在,权利意识并不仅是对自己权利的认识,还包括对别人权利的认识。权利虽建基于个人,但同样取决于别人如何对待自己的权利。基于不同社会及社会关系,权利会有不同的解读。权利来源于人格尊严,但是不能依个人自由意志无限扩张,权利的侵犯往往源于民事权利的滥用,同时国家对权利的保障权利也存在局限,所以要求个人自觉履行保障权利的义务。权利的保障需要将权利商品化,尊重权利就需要保证权利损害得到充分赔偿。权利商品化要求人不仅是目的,也可以是工具。权利作为一种诉求保护,需要在遵循人的自然本性的基础上,考虑到对别人权利实现的影响,从而通过法律规则与制度设计在人与人的关系中权衡权利的分配,平等互利地看待权利,有利于更好地认识和保护权利。

Humanity is not only the reason of human beings,but also the natural properties of us. Rights should conform to human being’s natural properties,so as to let nature take its course and meet human’s fundamental needs. Only the right conforming to man’s natural development can be a legitimate one. The natural demand of rights does not deny the existence of the consciousness of rights,which is not only the knowledge of one’s own rights,but also the knowledge of the rights of others. Rights are based on individuals,but they also depend on how the others treat them. Based on different societies and social relations,rights can be interpreted differently. Rights originate from human dignity,but they cannot be expanded infinitely according to the individual’s free will. The infringement of rights is often caused by the abuse of civil rights. At the same time,there shall be limitations in the protection of rights by the state. The protection of rights requires the commercialization of rights,and the respect for rights requires adequate compensation for the rights infringed or damaged. The commercialization of rights requires that human is not only an end,but also a tool as well.Rights,as a kind of protection,needs to follow the natural properties of human beings and take into account its impact on the realization of the rights of others,so as to balance the distribution of rights in the relationship between people through the design of legal rules and institutions,treat rights with equality and mutual benefit,which is conducive to better understanding and protection of rights.