《维也纳领事关系公约》的革新与中国的应对——以海外国民领事保护为视角

Innovation of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and China's Response:From the Perspective of Consular Protection of Overseas Nationals

囿于签署时代,《维约》在领事保护实践中渐显规则缺失之憾,有必要秉承"责任"与"人本"理念因时而变。领事通知与探视权是其生效以来最具争议的问题:条约解释理论下的博弈无法定纷止争;考察缔约历史记录及司法实践,权利的司法救济确有可能,实际损害的证明标准需要确立;责任承担有必要遵循恢复原状、补偿、抵偿的先后顺序。《关于强制解决争端之任择议定书》是《维约》得以遵守的关键路径,未决事项的强制管辖权及争端解决机制的退出困惑有待厘清。考虑设立"领事保护事务委员会"监督与协调《维约》实施。海外突发事件中的领事保护需规范依据,尤其是在海外国民保护与不干涉内政间寻求平衡;破解资源相对稀缺,急待创建合作机制,欧盟共同领事保护制度可批判性借鉴。中国应致力于从拟定双边领事条约范本、构建区域性领事保护合作机制、推进领事保护立法、开启司法救济及完善海外突发事件中的领事保护机制等方面予以回应。

The VCCR has gradually shown the regrets of lack of rules in the consular protection practice.It shall be changed adhering to the'responsibility'and'human-oriented'concept.Consular notification and access has been one of the most controversial issues since the VCCR took effect.Game cannot resolve the issues under the theory of interpretation.Judicial relief is possible after investigating the historical records of the states party to the VCCR and judicial practice,and proof standards of actual damage need to be established.It is necessary for responsibility to follow restitution,compensation and satisfaction in order.The Protocol on Compulsory Settlement of disputes is the critical path to comply with the VCCR.It shall be clarified that the confusions on compulsory jurisdiction of matters not provided in the VCCR and the exit mechanism of dispute settlement.It shall be considered to set up'Consular Protection Affairs committee'to supervise and coordinate the implementation of the VCCR.Consular protection in the overseas emergency shall base on the rules,especially to balance the protection of overseas nationals and the principle of non-interference.It is necessary to establish the consular protection cooperation mechanism with the lack of consular protection resources.The EU’s common consular protection system can be used for reference critically.Response of China should focus on developing bilateral consular treaty model,building regional consular protection cooperation mechanism,promoting the consular protection legislation,opening the judicial relief and perfecting consular protection mechanism in the overseas emergency.