论黑社会性质组织首要分子的刑事责任

On the Criminal Liability of Ringleaders of Underworld Organizations

黑社会性质组织首要分子的刑事责任在司法实践中存在着认定不一致的问题,主要表现在两个方面:一是刑法总则第二十六条规定虚置的问题;二是对黑社会性质组织所犯的全部罪行认定逻辑不精细问题。黑社会性质组织首要分子的处罚在德日、英美刑法理论中都有较大的争议,其中共谋共同正犯理论、正犯背后的正犯者理论以及共谋犯理论是相对主流的学说,这些学说在我国的语境下既有一定的借鉴意义,也提示了在实现打击黑社会性质组织犯罪的目的时,应当坚守刑法保障人权核心价值的要求。确定黑社会性质组织首要分子的刑事责任范围需要注意其罪过的边界以及其组织、领导行为的认定。认定黑社会性质组织首要分子的刑事责任程度需要注意'从严处罚'原则与'禁止重复评价原则'的协调,并应在具体的情节中考虑首要分子的责任程度,而不是一概对其追究'主犯'的最重的刑事责任。

The criminal liability of the ringleaders of underworld organizations is inconsistent in judicial practice,which is mainly manifested in two aspects:one is the problem of false provisions in article 26 of the general provisions of criminal law and the other is that the identification logic of all crimes committed by underworld organizations is not precise.The punishment of ringleaders of underworld organizations is controversial in German,Japanese,British and American criminal law theories,among which the theory of common principal criminals,the principal criminals behind the principal criminals and the conspiracy theory are relatively the mainstream theories.These theories have certain reference significance in the context of China,and also suggest that the core value of human rights guaranteed by criminal law should be adhered to when the purpose of fighting gangland organized crimes is realized.To determine the scope of criminal liability of ringleaders of underworld organizations needs to pay attention to the boundary of their crimes and the identification of their organizations and leaders.It is necessary to pay attention to the coordination of the principle of'strict punishment'and'prohibition of repeated evaluation principle'in determining the criminal liability degree of ringleaders of underworld organizations and the degree of liability of ringleaders should be considered in specific circumstances rather than the most serious criminal liability of all the'ringleaders'.