我国民法典中的成年人自主监护:理念与规则

Adult Self-determined Guardianship in the Civil Code of China:Idea and Rule

监护制度中的核心内容是监护人的确定。双方通过意定产生监护人,充分彰示出未来的被监护成年人的自由主动之意愿,宜称之为'成年人自主监护'。成年人自主监护制度远承罗马法'法是为人而设'之理念,近展我国本土'关注未来的被监护成年人意愿'之理念。从罗马法的成年人非自主'监护和保佐'模式到20世纪以来成年人自主监护的多种模式,揭示了立法对被监护成年人意愿的日渐尊重。我国民法典有关成年人自主监护的规则亟需体系化,成年人自主监护的缔约双方资格、监护人的条件、监护人主观同意与客观可能、双方合意的形式等规则应当细化。监护约定内容的限制规则、成年人自主监护登记备案规则、监护监督人规则、监护人报告规则、有偿监护规则等成年人自主监护规则的完善,不仅是理论研究的对象而且是立法完善的重要内容。

The core content of the guardianship system is the determination of guardian.The guardian determined in accordance with the will of the two parties fully demonstrates free and active will of the future adult under the guardianship,which is appropriate to be called adult self-determined guardianship.Adult self-determined guardianship system is originated from the idea that‘law is made for people’in the Roman law,which fully demonstrates the idea of‘paying attention to the will of future adult under the guardianship’in China.From the pattern of adult involuntary guardianship and protection in the Roman law to diversified patterns of adult self-determined guardianship since the 20 th Century,it reveals the increasing respect of legislation for the will of adult under the guardianship.Provisions on adult self-determined guardianship in the Civil Code of China still face the urgent need for the systematization of norms.Rules such as qualifications of the contracting parties of adult self-determined guardianship,condition of the guardian,subjective consent and objective possibility of the guardian,and consent form of the parties should be detailed.In addition,the improvement of restriction rules for the agreed content of guardianship,registration and filing rules for adult self-determined guardianship,rules for guardian supervisors,rules for guardian reporting,paid guardianship rules and other adult self-determined guardianship rules is not only the object of theoretical research,but also the significant content of legislation improvement.