行政诉讼原告资格中“利害关系”的判断结构

Judgment Structure of the ‘Interest’of Plaintiff Qualification in Administrative Litigation

从过去近40年的行政法历史看,行政诉讼原告资格判断标准经历了'直接利害关系标准''行政相对人标准''法律上利害关系标准'和'利害关系标准'四个发展阶段。在'刘广明案'之前最高人民法院公布的判例中,没有发现有引入保护规范理论的判例,法院判断'利害关系'时,要么采用'直接联系论',要么采用'实际影响论',其判断标准都偏向于主观性,因而难免个案中法院判断方法上的任意性。最高人民法院通过'刘广明案'引入域外法上的'保护规范理论',结合中国具体国情形塑了一个行政诉讼原告资格判断结构,即:公法规范要件、法定权益要件和个别保护要件。这个行政诉讼原告资格判断结构淡化了行政诉讼原告资格判断标准的主观性,同时增加了其可操作性。

In the view of the history about administrative law in the past forty years,the criteria for judging the plaintiff qualification of administrative litigation have experienced four development stages:‘direct interest standard’,‘administrative relative standard’,‘legal interest standard’and‘interest standard’.In the legal precedent promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court before the Liu Guangming case,no case introduced Schutznormtheorie.The court judged‘interest’with either direct contact theory or actual influence theory,of which the standards are partial to subjectivity,so it is inevitable that judgment method of the court has arbitrariness.The Supreme People’s Court introduced Schutznormtheorie in the extraterritorial law through the Liu Guangming case,and combined with the specific situation in China to shape a judgment structure of the plaintiff qualification in administrative litigation,which are normative elements of public law,statutory rights elements and individual protection elements.The judgment structure of the plaintiff qualification in administrative litigation weakens the subjectivity of the plaintiff’s qualification judgment standard of administrative litigation,and enhances its operability.