基于二维矩阵的个体从成功和失败经历中学习的理论和实践研究

A Study on Theory and Practice of Two-dimensional Matrix Based Individual Learning from Successful and Failed Experience

学习是个体实现可持续发展的动力。过去经历是个体学习的重要来源。从不同类型的经历中学习会产生不同的影响,也需要具备不同的条件。本文从实际现象和问题出发,从深入细致的视角,建立了一个由'内部—外部'和'成功—失败'两个维度组成的四种学习类型矩阵图,包括个体从内部成功经历中学习(LISE),个体从内部失败经历中学习(LIFE),个体从外部成功经历中学习(LESE)和个体从外部失败经历中学习(LEFE),希望帮助研究者以更加系统、全面且深入的视角分析不同类型的过去经历对学习有效性的影响及相关问题。基于对实际现象的观察,结合现有研究成果,本研究从两个方面推动组织学习领域的理论进步和发展。一方面,从目标和结果的视角,针对不同学习类型提炼出在学习中'建议采用的实践'和'建议避免的实践',并结合'交通信号灯'的比喻对对上述'双标杆'加以形象说明,以此来提升学习成效。另一方面,基于文献梳理和实践总结提出,为了避免不良效果,取得好的学习成效,在进行每类学习时,都需具备一定的'内在'条件和'外在'条件,并指出这不仅意味着要有知识、经验等智力储备,即具备'认知'条件,还需有情感、意愿等动机,即具备'动力'条件。最后,希望本研究对从成功、失败经历中学习理论和实践问题的讨论能够为认识和理解相关问题提供系统、完整的理论框架,并为组织学习研究的精细化发展提供启发。

[Purpose]Learning fuels individuals to fulfill sustainable development.Past experiences are important learning sources.Learning from different types of past experiences will have different impacts,and require different conditions.Starting from social problems and real phenomena,from a deep and finegrained perspective,a learning matrix by both the dimension of'internal-external'and the dimension of'success-failure'is built,which results in four categories of individual learning from past experience,i.e.,learning from internal successful experience(LISE),learning from internal failed experience(LIFE),learning from external successful experience(LESE)and learning from external failed experience(LEFE),with which we hope to help us analyze the learning effectiveness and related issues in systematical and comprehensive manners.[Approach]Based on huge quantity of observations of real phenomena and literature review,the aim of this work is to make two major theoretical contributions to the field of organizational learning.[Findings]On the one hand,in views of goals and consequences,'suggested practices'and'avoidant practices'for each learning category are extracted,and a'traffic lights'metaphor is utilized to illustrate the bi-benchmarks of'suggestions'and'avoidances'.On the other hand,in order to enhance learning effectiveness and avoid the pitfalls,based on a comprehensive theoretical research and practices review,both the internal and external conditions for each learning category are elaborated,and it is identified that not only knowledge and experiences are needed,known as the'cognitive prerequisites',but also there should be affectivity and willingness,known as the'motivational prerequisites'.[Value]With these contributions,this paper hopes to increase the effectiveness of learning from internal/external successful/failed experience,and to shed light upon the fine-grained research of organizational learning.