桃林之野·桃林塞·秦函谷关:秦函谷关创建年代与背景考

From Taolin Area、Taolin Fortress to Qin Hangu Pass:An Investigation on the Date and Background of Qin Hangu Pass

针对秦函谷关创建年代及其历史地理背景问题,运用传世文献与考古资料二重证据法,结合实地考察进行分析。分析认为,"桃林之野"是西周时期著名的官营畜牧区,"桃林塞"是春秋晋国为防秦而建立的一道绵延的防御体系。它们虽与秦函谷关有密切的关系,但既不是函谷关,也不是其前身。秦函谷关是战国时期秦国随着实力增长,雄心勃勃向东扩张过程中,为控制这一战略要地,于秦惠文王八年至后元年(前330—前324)在桃林塞东入口创建的新关隘,初为备魏,后为防山东六国。

Aiming at the founding date and the historical and geographical background of Qin Hangu Pass,this paper uses the dual attestation method of handed-down documents and archaeological data to analyze this problem,combining with the field investigation.According to the analysis,'Taolin Area'is a well-known official-run animal husbandry area in the Western Zhou Dynasty.'Taolin Fortress'is a long-lasting defense system established by the Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period to prevent Qin.Although they are closely related with the Qin Hangu Pass,they are not the Hangu Pass and its predecessor. During Warring States period, with strength improvement of Qin State,it ambitiously expanded eastward.Qin Hangu Pass was a new pass established at that time by the King Huiwen of Qin(330 BC-324 BC)at the east entrance of Taolin Fortress to control this strategic location to initially guard against Wei State and later against six states.