影响大学经费筹措的主要理论综述

Review of Main Theories that Affect University Financing

经费筹措是大学在其发展过程中始终必须面对的重大问题。在20世纪50年代以前,对这个问题的关注一般仅限于举办者或办学者。60年代以来,在舒尔茨的人力资本理论的推动下,世界各国先后掀起了政府投资高等教育的热潮,而高等教育的大发展引发了大学的财政危机。为了解决大学普遍存在的财政危机,世界各国尤其是欧美发达国家的学者通过大量研究,先后提出了很多理论。其中最具影响力的除了人力资本理论以外,还有公共产品理论、成本分担与补偿理论、利益相关者理论以及绩效管理理论等。这些理论不仅成为各国政府制定高等教育财政政策的理论依据,同时也已经或正在影响着大学经费筹措方式的变化。

For University,financing is always a major problem that has to face in the development process,but before the 1950s,the concern about this problem is generally limited to the organizers or school operators.Since the 1960s,under the driven of Schultz’s human capital theory,the world has set off a craze of government investment in higher education,but the development of higher education led to the financial crisis of the university.In order to solve the widespread financial crisis,through extensive research,the world scholars,especially those from the developed countries in Europe and the United States have raised a lot of theories.Addition to the human capital theory,some of the most influential theories contain public goods theory,cost-sharing and compensation theory,stakeholder theory,and performance management theory,and so on.These theories have not only become the theoretical basis for governments to make higher education fiscal policy,but also have been or are affecting the changes in the way of university financing.