公立大学法人制度的域外实践与中国镜鉴——以两大法系为考察中心

The Overseas Practice and Inspiration for China of Public University Legal Person System:Focusing on The Two Major Law Systems

高等教育治理现代化的核心在于高等教育法治现代化,即建立健全大学法人制度。公立大学法人制度改革是当前我国教育法学领域的一个重大理论命题与实践难题。大陆法系公立大学法人制度的价值取向是在制定法中通过明确划分公私法律界限,赋予公立大学公法人地位,如德国的多元法人类型与法国的特殊公务法人。英美法系公立大学法人制度的价值取向是在判例法中通过系统的制度设计,赋予公立大学以公共法人地位,如英国的公共法人与美国的学术法人。我国公立大学法人制度改革的首要前提在于通过批判借鉴实现多样化的大学法人身份设计;基本思路在于通过分类放权、分层放权进一步规范大学与政府之间的法律关系;现实路径在于通过签订行政合同、设置缓冲机构保障高校办学自主权;根本宗旨在于规制政府权力、保护大学自主、回归学术本位。

The core of higher education governance modernization is the modernization of rule by law in higher education,that is to establish and improve the university legal person system.The reform of public university legal person system is a major theoretical proposition and practical problem in the field of education law.The value orientation of the public university legal person system of the civil law system is to endow the public legal person status for public universities by clearly dividing the legal boundary between public and private in statutory law,such as the multiple legal person types in Germany and the special public affair legal person in France.The value orientation of public university legal person system of Anglo-American law system is to endow the public corporation for public universities through systematic system design in case law,such as public corporation in Britain and academic corporation in America.The first prerequisite of the reform of public university legal person system is to critically learn the creative design of university legal person types and strive to achieve the diversified university legal person systems in China.The basic idea is to further standardize and adjust the legal relationship between universities and government through classified decentralization and hierarchical decentralization.The realistic path is to ensure the university autonomy by signing administrative contracts and setting up buffer institutions.The fundamental purpose is to regulate government power,protect the university autonomy and return to the academic standard.