土库曼斯坦水资源现状及利用问题

Water Resources and Utilization in Turkmenistan

土库曼斯坦地处亚洲中部干旱区西南部,沙漠广布,水资源短缺,是阿姆河等跨界河流水资源的主要消耗区,水资源利用问题及矛盾十分突出。开展该国水资源及其开发利用研究,对研究跨界河流及极度干旱区水资源可持续利用具有重要的借鉴意义。土库曼斯坦是中亚水资源总量最少的国家,河流多数跨界,出入境水量约为233×108 m3,可利用水量远大于国内水资源总量,其中地表水资源总量约为9.39×108 m3,地下水可开采量为5.69×108 m3,而该国最主要的水利工程——卡拉库姆运河调来了阿姆河近1/3的水量,增加了灌溉面积。在水资源利用中,实际用水量的90%以上被用于农业灌溉,工业用水占7%左右,城市生活用水占2%。土库曼斯坦水资源主要靠调水工程和灌渠从界外引入,由于缺乏技术和资金支持,基础设施老化、管理混乱、水资源纷争复杂多变等水资源利用问题十分突出。在全球变化背景下,土库曼斯坦应加强在水资源的合理配置与高效利用、水资源国际合作等方面的工作,合理开发利用水资源。

Turkmenistan is located in the southwestern of the arid central Asia,where water resources shortage is the main water resource problems.Water resource utilization is one of the important scientific issues for sustainable development and management of water resources in Turkmenistan.Based on the extensive collection of hydrology,water resources utilization and the actual survey data,the general situations of main rivers,lakes,precipitation,runoff,and groundwater of Turkmenistan were introduced,and introduced that its main engineering(canals,irrigation system,etc.)and utilization of water resources,diagnosis the main problems existing in the development and utilization of water resources are analyzed in Turkmenistan.Turkmenistan has the lowest total water resources of central Asia,the majority of rivers are transboundary rivers, entry and exit water is 233×108 m3,the amount of available water is greater than the domestic water resources,the surface water resources is 9.39×108 m3,groundwater exploitation is 5.69×108 m3,and the major water project-Karakum Canal divert nearly a third of the water in Amu Darya,increasing the irrigated area.In water resources utilization,more than 90% of the actual water consumption is used for agricultural irrigation,industrial water accounts for about 7%,urban domestic water accounts for 2%.Under the background of global change,Turkmenistan should strengthen the rational allocation of water resources,efficient use and international cooperation.This study will provide a reference for the sustainable development of water resources for the future development of Turkmenistan.