富平银沟遗址陶瓷标本胎釉化学成分检测

Chemical Analysis of Glaze and Body for CeramicWares Collected from Yingou Site in Fuping

利用X射线荧光光谱分析技术对陕西富平银沟遗址采集瓷质标本青白瓷、青瓷和白瓷三类瓷器标本残片样品进行了化学成分分析,获取了不同类型瓷器胎釉化学成分,并将其与景德镇湖田窑青白瓷和耀州窑青瓷进行了比较。实验结果表明:银沟遗址出土的银沟遗址采集的青白瓷属低Al2O3高SiO2体系;同一地区的标本由于窑场地点、年代的差别,势必存在用料配釉、工艺技术上的差异,表现为有一定的离散性。银沟遗址采集青白瓷标本在胎釉化学成分上与景德镇湖田窑青白瓷样品均存在差异;特别是在微量元素Cr和Zr的分布上区别明显。银沟遗址青瓷标本胎体组分差异明显,可大致划分为三类,分别是中等硅铝类、高铝低硅类和低铝高硅类。银沟遗址白瓷样品在胎体组分上亦存在较大差异,可大致分为两类,一类样品在胎体组分上具有典型的高铝低硅特征,而另一类则具有高硅低铝的特点。从比较分析中我们发现,南北方窑场生产相类似品种的产品,除了表面上直观感觉相似外,从标本胎体中常用元素的化学组成来看,亦有非常多的标本处在重叠区域。这说明不同地域的窑工们在采用制瓷原料上已经掌握了常识性的选择和凭经验目测选择矿物原料的技术水平。过去学界认为高铝低硅类样品为北方青瓷或白瓷的特征,其实不然。瓷片标本中的胎釉化学组成比例高低只与不同产地所选用的原材料矿物有关,而单一矿物的组织特性及结构相似性是不论南北的。然而,不同矿物形成的环境条件会使该类矿物形成过程中留下某此微量元素的差异。同一窑场的不同时期因生产采用的原料矿发生变化,亦可产生同窑场不同时期的产品常量及微量元素存在差异的现象。

In this paper,greenish white porcelain,celadon porcelain and white porcelain samples collected from Yingou site in Fuping,Shaanxi were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,and the chemical compositions of their bodies and glazes were obtained.Then the results were compared with those of the greenish white wares from Hutian Kiln in Jingdezhen and the celadon porcelains from Yaozhou Kiln.The experiments show that the greenish white porcelains collected from Yingou site are of a system with low Al2O3 and high SiO2,and because of the difference of kiln location and age,there is bound to be a difference in body and glaze batching.There is also a certain degree of discreteness.The chemical compositions of the bodies and glazes for greenish white porcelains collected from Yingou site are different from those of Hutian wares.The difference is especially obvious in their distributions of trace elements Cr and Zr.The body compositions of celadon samples from Yingou site are obviously different,which can be divided into three categories:medium silicon and aluminum,high aluminum low silicon,and low aluminum high silicon.The white porcelain samples of Yingou site also have great differences in their body compositions,which can be divided into two categories.One kind of samples is of high aluminum and low silicon,while the other is of high silicon and low aluminum.The comparative analysis indicates that the similar products produced in the north and south kilns seem not only intuitively similar on the surface,but also in their body compositions of common elements where many specimens share an overlapping region.This means that potters in different areas had already mastered the expertise for selecting ceramic materials and were able to tell by sight the right mineral materials for porcelain production according to their experience.In the past,high aluminum and low silicon were considered to be the characteristics of northern celadons or white porcelains.However,this has proved not necessarily true.The ratios of the chemical components in the bodies and glazes of the porcelain specimens are only dependent on their batching minerals from different producing areas,though the compositions and structures of each type of mineral materials from the north and the south are much the same.The environmental conditions for the formation of different minerals may result in the difference of some trace elements in the composition of these minerals.The change in the use of raw mineral ores for ceramic production at the same kiln in different periods may contribute to the differences of the major and trace elements in the products of the same kiln from different periods.