动物营养推动畜牧业可持续发展:360°视角观察及未来研发框架

Sustainable Livestock Production Through Animal Nutrition:A 360 Degree Perspective and a Framework for Future R&D

畜牧业生产中仅仅获得高生产力是不够的。现代社会对于较高的动物生产力、动物产品质量与安全、动物福利与健康、环境保护和生物多样性的要求越来越高。人们在动物福利、环境、产品安全和质量方面日益提高的意识和重视,使它们成为涉及到动物的食品生产体系中的优先考虑因素。畜牧业正在向更为可持续的路线转变,必须考虑多种复杂变化情况下(包含经济、生态和社会等各个方面)的可持续性问题,并认识到农业产业具有衔接人类与自然系统的特殊功能。局部解决方案已经不能产生预期结果。例如,任何保持现状的努力,如果忽略经济发展、食品安全和生计需要都不可能成功。相反地,如果生态系统和社会系统不具备适应短期和长期变化的能力,社会经济的发展也不会持续。这个复杂的问题需要将可持续性作为一个社会问题来考虑;需要大范围利益相关者的整体努力来利用畜牧生产体系的力量,减少动物产品需求和供给的快速发展所带来的潜在负面影响。这些努力应该是现实的、公平的,并考虑到生态、社会经济和文化层次的,这一点非常重要。本文将呈现如何以360°视角观察动物营养学及其未来研究与发展的框架。正像目前所有部门和畜牧产业服务部门一样,动物营养学也正面临一个转折点。动物营养学直接影响动物的生产力、动物产品安全与质量、动物福利和健康、环境保护和生物多样性。此外,动物营养还影响食品和能源竞争、土地利用和土地流转、全球氮循环。动物营养学家遵循可持续动物日粮原则以及利用基于360°视角的未来研究与发展的框架作为指导工具,成为使畜牧业转向可持续发展方向的领航者。为降低畜牧业可持续发展过程中的不利影响,动物营养学家需要与环境、经济、社会科学和公共健康等领域专家合作,制订出一个多方论证的方法。所提出的框架可以发掘这些专家的专业技能和专业知识,从而使得畜牧业可持续发展。合适政策和制度的支持同等重要。因此,科学家也需要与政策制订者、私营部门、民间团体和农场主合作,来帮助找到利于环境、社会和经济可持续发展的方法。同样,多角度思考动物生产最大化到最佳化的思维模式转变也非常必要。

Achieving high production is not only sufficient. High animal productivity,animal product safety and quality,animal welfare and health and protection of environment and biodiversity are also being increasingly demanded by the society. Increasing awareness and emphasis on animal welfare,environment,product safety and quality have become a priority in food production systems involving animals. Transition towards more sustainable path must consider sustainability in its full complexity encompassing all its pillars—economic,ecological,and social and recognizing the interface function of agriculture between human and natural systems. Partial solutions will not produce the desired results. For example,any effort towards conservation that ignores the need for economic development,food security and livelihoods are unlikely to succeed. Conversely,socio- economic development will not be sustainable if it does not maintain the ability of the ecosystem and society to adapt to short and long- term changes. This complexity necessitates consideration of sustainability as a societal issue and requires integrated efforts by a wide range of stakeholders to capitalize on the strength of livestock production systems and to minimize the potential negative impact of rapid growth in demand and supply of animal products. It is also imperative that such efforts be realistic,equitable,and conscious of ecological,socio- economic and cultural dimensions.This paper will present a 360 degree view of animal nutrition and a framework for future research and development. According to which animal nutrition is at the cross- roads where almost all sectors and services of the livestock industry meet. Animal nutrition impacts productivity,animal product safety and quality,animal welfare and health and protection of environment and biodiversity. In addition,it also affects food and fuel competition,land use and land use change and global- nitrogen cycle among other parameters. Animal nutritionists are in the driver's seat for taking the livestock sector towards sustained development following the principles of sustainable animal diets and using the proposed framework based on the 360 degree perspective as a guiding tool for future research and development. To make a denting impact,a multi-disciplinary approach in which animal nutritionists work with experts from the fields of environment,economics,social sciences,public health,among others is required. The proposed framework could exploit the complimentary expertise and knowledge of these specialists to deliver a livestock industry that is more sustainable. Equally important is the role of appropriate policies and institutional support and therefore scientists also need to work with policy makers,private sector,civil societies and farmers to help identifying the options that are environmentally,socially and economically sustainable.Also a paradigm shift from maximization of animal production to optimization of animal production by thinking efficiency in multi- dimensions is required.