国家社会主义条件下的社会政策——东欧社会主义社会的市场再分配与社会不平等

Social Policy Under State Socialism:Market Redistribution and Social Inequalities in East European Socialist Societies

在早期研究论文中,我们认为:东欧的国家社会主义社会主要由再分配机制所整合,它导致了主要的社会不平等;而处于从属地位的市场机制,则能够缓解这种由再分配机制所导致的社会不平等;这与主要是被市场所整合的西方资本主义社会形成了对照,在那里,市场机制导致了主要的不平等,而政府的福利再分配则在一定程度上成功地扮演着对各种不平等加以调节的角色。根据匈牙利在过去10年中市场导向的改革经验,现在我们要对这一假设予以修正。我们认为,虽然市场导向的改革确乎具有一定的平等化效应,但是它也开始造成各种不平等;至少在一定程度上,由再分配所造成的不平等和由市场导致的不平等开始相互强化,而不是相互抵消。本文探究了这些新的研究假设所具有的理论及社会政策意义。我们的新理论可以说是关于市场与再分配的'修正版波兰尼理论'的一个拓展。我们相信:随着市场地位的确立以及社会主义经济越来越成为一种混合经济,政府有可能也有必要去创造一种福利导向的再分配干预机制,作为对市场工具的补充。

In our earlier essays,we suggested that in East European state socialist societies that were primarily integrated by redistribution,social inequalities were generated by redistributive mechanisms and counterbalanced by the subordinate market mechanisms.This contrasted with primarily market-integrated Western capitalist societies,where market mechanisms induced the main inequalities,while government welfare redistribution performed,with some success,an equalizing role.In light of experiences with market-oriented reform in Hungary during the last decade,we now want to reformulate this hypothesis.We argue that while market-oriented reform did indeed have some equalizing effect,it also began to generate inequalities of its own;to some extent at least,the inequalities induced by redistribution and by the market began to reinforce,rather than to counteract,each other.In this paper we explore the theoretical and social policy consequences of these new hypotheses.Our new theory is just an extended version of the"revisionist Polanyian theory"of market and redistribution.We believe that as the market gains ground and as the socialist economy becomes an increasingly mixed economy,the possibility and the need are created to complement these market instruments with a welfare-oriented redistributive intervention on the part of government.